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      ER Membrane Phospholipids and Surface Tension Control Cellular Lipid Droplet Formation

      Author(s): , , , , ,
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      Journal: Developmental Cell
      Publisher: Elsevier BV

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          Lipid droplets: a unified view of a dynamic organelle.

          Sally Martin, Robert Parton (2006)
          Lipid droplets form the main lipid store in eukaryotic cells. Although all cells seem to be able to generate lipid droplets, their biogenesis, regulatory mechanisms and interactions with other organelles remain largely elusive. In this article, we outline some of the recent developments in lipid droplet cell biology. We show the mobile and dynamic nature of this organelle, and advocate the adoption of a unified nomenclature to consolidate terminology in this emerging field.
          Article 0 comments Cited 305 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The biophysics and cell biology of lipid droplets.

            Abdou Rachid Thiam, Robert V. Farese, Tobias Walther (2013)
            Lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that are found in most cells, where they have fundamental roles in metabolism. They function prominently in storing oil-based reserves of metabolic energy and components of membrane lipids. Lipid droplets are the dispersed phase of an oil-in-water emulsion in the aqueous cytosol of cells, and the importance of basic biophysical principles of emulsions for lipid droplet biology is now being appreciated. Because of their unique architecture, with an interface between the dispersed oil phase and the aqueous cytosol, specific mechanisms underlie their formation, growth and shrinkage. Such mechanisms enable cells to use emulsified oil when the demands for metabolic energy or membrane synthesis change. The regulation of the composition of the phospholipid surfactants at the surface of lipid droplets is crucial for lipid droplet homeostasis and protein targeting to their surfaces.
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              Triacylglycerol synthesis enzymes mediate lipid droplet growth by relocalizing from the ER to lipid droplets.

              Florian Wilfling, Huajin Wang, Joel T. Haas … (2013)
              Lipid droplets (LDs) store metabolic energy and membrane lipid precursors. With excess metabolic energy, cells synthesize triacylglycerol (TG) and form LDs that grow dramatically. It is unclear how TG synthesis relates to LD formation and growth. Here, we identify two LD subpopulations: smaller LDs of relatively constant size, and LDs that grow larger. The latter population contains isoenzymes for each step of TG synthesis. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (GPAT4), which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step, relocalizes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to a subset of forming LDs, where it becomes stably associated. ER-to-LD targeting of GPAT4 and other LD-localized TG synthesis isozymes is required for LD growth. Key features of GPAT4 ER-to-LD targeting and function in LD growth are conserved between Drosophila and mammalian cells. Our results explain how TG synthesis is coupled with LD growth and identify two distinct LD subpopulations based on their capacity for localized TG synthesis. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 270 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Developmental Cell
                Abbreviated Title: Developmental Cell
                Publisher: Elsevier BV
                ISSN (Print): 15345807
                Publication date Created: June 2017
                Publication date (Print): June 2017
                Volume: 41
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 591-604.e7
                Article
                DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.05.012
                PubMed ID: 28579322
                SO-VID: 05980e5a-a7d3-4055-9d99-75afd1e70135
                Copyright © © 2017
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