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      Transcriptional Regulatory Networks Associate with Early Stages of Potato Virus X Infection of Solanum tuberosum

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          Abstract

          Potato virus X (PVX) belongs to genus Potexvirus. This study characterizes the cellular transcriptome responses to PVX infection in Russet potato at 2 and 3 days post infection (dpi). Among the 1242 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 268 genes were upregulated, and 37 genes were downregulated at 2 dpi while 677 genes were upregulated, and 265 genes were downregulated at 3 dpi. DEGs related to signal transduction, stress response, and redox processes. Key stress related transcription factors were identified. Twenty-five pathogen resistance gene analogs linked to effector triggered immunity or pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity were identified. Comparative analysis with Arabidopsis unfolded protein response (UPR) induced DEGs revealed genes associated with UPR and plasmodesmata transport that are likely needed to establish infection. In conclusion, this study provides an insight on major transcriptional regulatory networked involved in early response to PVX infection and establishment.

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          Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing

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            HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements.

            HISAT (hierarchical indexing for spliced alignment of transcripts) is a highly efficient system for aligning reads from RNA sequencing experiments. HISAT uses an indexing scheme based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform and the Ferragina-Manzini (FM) index, employing two types of indexes for alignment: a whole-genome FM index to anchor each alignment and numerous local FM indexes for very rapid extensions of these alignments. HISAT's hierarchical index for the human genome contains 48,000 local FM indexes, each representing a genomic region of ∼64,000 bp. Tests on real and simulated data sets showed that HISAT is the fastest system currently available, with equal or better accuracy than any other method. Despite its large number of indexes, HISAT requires only 4.3 gigabytes of memory. HISAT supports genomes of any size, including those larger than 4 billion bases.
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              StringTie enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads.

              Methods used to sequence the transcriptome often produce more than 200 million short sequences. We introduce StringTie, a computational method that applies a network flow algorithm originally developed in optimization theory, together with optional de novo assembly, to assemble these complex data sets into transcripts. When used to analyze both simulated and real data sets, StringTie produces more complete and accurate reconstructions of genes and better estimates of expression levels, compared with other leading transcript assembly programs including Cufflinks, IsoLasso, Scripture and Traph. For example, on 90 million reads from human blood, StringTie correctly assembled 10,990 transcripts, whereas the next best assembly was of 7,187 transcripts by Cufflinks, which is a 53% increase in transcripts assembled. On a simulated data set, StringTie correctly assembled 7,559 transcripts, which is 20% more than the 6,310 assembled by Cufflinks. As well as producing a more complete transcriptome assembly, StringTie runs faster on all data sets tested to date compared with other assembly software, including Cufflinks.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Int J Mol Sci
                Int J Mol Sci
                ijms
                International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                MDPI
                1422-0067
                11 March 2021
                March 2021
                : 22
                : 6
                : 2837
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA; venura@ 123456agri.pdn.ac.lk
                [2 ]Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: jm.verchot@ 123456tamu.edu ; Tel.: +1-979-286-1788
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2977-2787
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8789-3144
                Article
                ijms-22-02837
                10.3390/ijms22062837
                8001266
                33799566
                04e849f3-9df9-459a-95e1-8adcf3fc2391
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 12 February 2021
                : 09 March 2021
                Categories
                Article

                Molecular biology
                pvx,gene expression regulation,rna-seq,solanum tuberosum,potato virology,virus movement,host-pathogen interactions,antiviral defense,potexvirus

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