Meningoencefalitis chagásica en un paciente con infección por VIH/SIDA con sobrevida a tres años: Caso clínico

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Abstract

Los pacientes inmunocomprometidos como los sometidos a trasplantes renales, con neoplasias hemato-oncológicas e infección por VIH/SIDA, pueden desarrollar reactivación aguda de la enfermedad de Chagas. El compromiso del sistema nervioso central-SNC (tumor cerebral o chagoma y meningoencefalitis difusa) es similar a otras infecciones oportunistas que cursan con procesos expansivos cerebrales como toxoplasmosis o linfoma primario del SNC. La sobrevida es poco frecuente, siendo prioritario para la buena evolución, la terapia antiparasitaria y el inicio de terapia antiretro viral. Se describe caso clínico de un paciente con infección por VIH/SIDA que cursó con meningoencefalitis chagásica con evolución satisfactoria tras el inico precoz de terapia antiparasitaria y terapia antiretro viral.

Translated abstract

Immunocompromised patients as those with renal transplant, hematological neoplasia or cáncer and HIV/AIDS infection can suffer acute reactivation of Chagas disease. Central nervous system (CNS) evolvement (cerebral tumor or chagoma and diffuse meningoencephalitis) is similar to other opportunistic infections that present with cerebral expansive processes like toxoplasmosis or CNS primary lymphoma. Survival is infrequent, depending on antiparasitic therapy and early starting antiretroviral therapy. The case of an HIV/AIDS positive patient that evolved with a chagasic meningoencephalitis and improved after beginning early antiparasitic therapy and antiretroviral therapy antirretroviral is described.

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Reactivation of Chagas disease with central nervous system involvement in HIV-infected patients in Argentina, 1992-2007.

Marcelo Corti, Juan Ambrosioni, A. Boschi … (2008)

The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and microbiological characteristics of Chagas disease (ChD) with central nervous system (CNS) involvement in AIDS patients. This was a retrospective study of clinical and laboratory findings of HIV-infected patients with a confirmed diagnosis of ChD involving the CNS during the period 1992-2007 at the "Francisco J. Muñiz" Infectious Diseases Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Of a total of 15 patients, 14 were male and the median age was 33 years (range 25-54 years). Seven out of nine had lived in a Chagas endemic area and 7/10 were intravenous drug users (IDUs). The disease was reactivated during corticosteroid therapy in three patients. Clinical manifestations were: headache (11/15), focal neurological deficits (9/15), fever (9/15), meningismus (7/15), seizures (7/15), altered mental status (5/15), and cardiac involvement (3/10). The median CD4 T-cell count at the time of reactivation was 64cells/microl (range 1-240). Twelve of 14 had positive serology for Trypanosoma cruzi; the two negative were IDUs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings (median (range)): cell count 5/mm(3) (2-90), protein level 0.68g/l (0.1-1.84), and glucose level 0.45g/l (0.13-0.73). CSF direct examination for T. cruzi was positive in 11/13. Neuroimaging findings showed a single hypodense lesion in 7/14 and normal images in 2/14. Twelve patients were treated with benznidazole. The global mortality was 79% (11/14). ChD reactivation should be considered as a differential diagnosis of meningoencephalitis in HIV patients with low CD4 T-cell counts, previous residency in an endemic area, and/or IDUs. Whenever possible, lumbar puncture should be performed because of the high accuracy for early diagnosis.