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IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper ☆
research-article
Ignacio J. Ansotegui , MD, PhD
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Giovanni Melioli , MD
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Giorgio Walter Canonica , MD
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Luis Caraballo , MD, PhD
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Elisa Villa , MD, PhD
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1 ,
Motohiro Ebisawa , MD, PhD
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1 ,
Giovanni Passalacqua , MD
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1 ,
Eleonora Savi , MD
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1 ,
Didier Ebo , MD, PhD
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1 ,
R. Maximiliano Gómez , MD, PhD
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1 ,
Olga Luengo Sánchez , MD, PhD
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1 ,
John J. Oppenheimer , MD
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1 ,
Erika Jensen-Jarolim , MD
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1 ,
David A. Fischer , MD
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1 ,
Tari Haahtela , MD
o ,
Martti Antila , MD
p ,
Jean J. Bousquet , MD, PhD
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Victoria Cardona , MD, PhD
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Wen Chin Chiang , MBBS
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Pascal M. Demoly , MD, PhD
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y ,
Lawrence M. DuBuske , MD
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Marta Ferrer Puga , MD
aa ,
Roy Gerth van Wijk , MD, PhD
ab ,
Sandra Nora González Díaz , MD, PhD
ac ,
Alexei Gonzalez-Estrada , MD
ad ,
Edgardo Jares , MD
ae ,
Ayse Füsun Kalpaklioğlu , MD
af ,
Luciana Kase Tanno , MD, PhD
ag ,
Marek L. Kowalski , MD, PhD
ah ,
Dennis K. Ledford , MD
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Olga Patricia Monge Ortega , MD
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Mário Morais Almeida , MD
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Oliver Pfaar , MD, PhD
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Lars K. Poulsen , PhD
am ,
Ruby Pawankar , MD, PhD
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Harald E. Renz , MD, PhD
ao ,
Antonino G. Romano , MD, PhD
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Nelson A. Rosário Filho , MD, PhD
aq ,
Lanny Rosenwasser , MD
ar ,
Mario A. Sánchez Borges , MD
as ,
Enrico Scala , MD
at ,
Gian-Enrico Senna , MD
au ,
Juan Carlos Sisul , MD
av ,
Mimi L.K. Tang , MBBS, PHD
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Bernard Yu-Hor Thong , MD
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Rudolf Valenta , MD
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az
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Robert A. Wood , MD
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Torsten Zuberbier , MD, PhD
bc
25 February 2020
IgE,
Allergy,
In vitro tests,
Skin tests,
Diagnostic strategies,
AAAAI, American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology,
ABA, Allergen Bead Array,
ACAAI, American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology,
AIT, allergen immunotherapy,
AEC, Allergen Exposure Chambers,
Anti-IgE, Antibody against IgE,
AP, Alkaline Phosphatase,
AU/mL, Allergenic Units milliLiter,
BAT, Basophil Activation Test,
BAU/mL, Biologic Allergenic Units milliLiter,
CaFE, Calibrated Fluorescence Enhancement,
CBA, Cytometric Bead Array,
CCD, Cross-reactive Carbohydrate Determinants,
CDER, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (USA),
CL, Chemiluminescence,
DBPCFC, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Food Challenge,
EAACI, European Academy of Allergy and Immunology,
EIA, Enzyme Immune Assay,
ELISA, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Analysis,
EMEA, European MEdicine Agencies,
ENPP-3, EctoNucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 3,
FACS, Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting,
FDA, Food and Drug Administration (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services),
FEIA, Fluorescent Enzyme Immunoassays,
FcεRI, High affinity IgE receptor,
H1, Histamine 1 receptor,
H2, Histamine 2 receptor,
HPO, Horseradish Peroxidase,
IDT, Intradermal Test,
IgE, immunoglobulin E,
ISAC, Immuno-Solid phase Allergen Chip,
IUIS, International Union of Immunological Societies,
IVD, in vitro diagnostic tool,
kUA/L, kilo Units of Allergen/Liter for allergen-specific IgE antibody assays,
LAMP-3, Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein,
mAb, Monoclonal Antibody,
MRGPRX2, Mas-related G protein receptor 2,
MBAD, Molecule Based Allergy Diagnostics,
NIH, National Institutes of Health (USA),
NMBAs, NeuroMuscular Blocking Agents,
NPA, Negative Percent Agreement,
NSAIDs, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs,
pNPP, p-Nitrophenylphosphate,
PPA, Positive Percent Agreement,
PPT, Prick-Prick Test,
sIgE, specific IgE,
RAST, Radio Allergo Sorbent Test,
SCAR, severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions,
SPT, Skin prick test,
w/v, weight /volume
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Abstract
Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both in vivo and in vitro. It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular in vitro tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.
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Author and article information
ige,allergy,in vitro tests,skin tests,diagnostic strategies,aaaai, american academy of allergy asthma and immunology,aba, allergen bead array,acaai, american college of allergy asthma and immunology,ait, allergen immunotherapy,aec, allergen exposure chambers,anti-ige, antibody against ige,ap, alkaline phosphatase,au/ml, allergenic units milliliter,bat, basophil activation test,bau/ml, biologic allergenic units milliliter,cafe, calibrated fluorescence enhancement,cba, cytometric bead array,ccd, cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants,cder, center for drug evaluation and research (usa),cl, chemiluminescence,dbpcfc, double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge,eaaci, european academy of allergy and immunology,eia, enzyme immune assay,elisa, enzyme linked immuno sorbent analysis,emea, european medicine agencies,enpp-3, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3,facs, fluorescence-activated cell sorting,fda, food and drug administration (u.s. department of health and human services),feia, fluorescent enzyme immunoassays,fcεri, high affinity ige receptor,h1, histamine 1 receptor,h2, histamine 2 receptor,hpo, horseradish peroxidase,idt, intradermal test,ige, immunoglobulin e,isac, immuno-solid phase allergen chip,iuis, international union of immunological societies,ivd, in vitro diagnostic tool,kua/l, kilo units of allergen/liter for allergen-specific ige antibody assays,lamp-3, lysosomal-associated membrane protein,mab, monoclonal antibody,mrgprx2, mas-related g protein receptor 2,mbad, molecule based allergy diagnostics,nih, national institutes of health (usa),nmbas, neuromuscular blocking agents,npa, negative percent agreement,nsaids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,pnpp, p-nitrophenylphosphate,ppa, positive percent agreement,ppt, prick-prick test,sige, specific ige,rast, radio allergo sorbent test,scar, severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions,spt, skin prick test,w/v, weight /volume
ige, allergy, in vitro tests, skin tests, diagnostic strategies, aaaai, american academy of allergy asthma and immunology, aba, allergen bead array, acaai, american college of allergy asthma and immunology, ait, allergen immunotherapy, aec, allergen exposure chambers, anti-ige, antibody against ige, ap, alkaline phosphatase, au/ml, allergenic units milliliter, bat, basophil activation test, bau/ml, biologic allergenic units milliliter, cafe, calibrated fluorescence enhancement, cba, cytometric bead array, ccd, cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants, cder, center for drug evaluation and research (usa), cl, chemiluminescence, dbpcfc, double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge, eaaci, european academy of allergy and immunology, eia, enzyme immune assay, elisa, enzyme linked immuno sorbent analysis, emea, european medicine agencies, enpp-3, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3, facs, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, fda, food and drug administration (u.s. department of health and human services), feia, fluorescent enzyme immunoassays, fcεri, high affinity ige receptor, h1, histamine 1 receptor, h2, histamine 2 receptor, hpo, horseradish peroxidase, idt, intradermal test, ige, immunoglobulin e, isac, immuno-solid phase allergen chip, iuis, international union of immunological societies, ivd, in vitro diagnostic tool, kua/l, kilo units of allergen/liter for allergen-specific ige antibody assays, lamp-3, lysosomal-associated membrane protein, mab, monoclonal antibody, mrgprx2, mas-related g protein receptor 2, mbad, molecule based allergy diagnostics, nih, national institutes of health (usa), nmbas, neuromuscular blocking agents, npa, negative percent agreement, nsaids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pnpp, p-nitrophenylphosphate, ppa, positive percent agreement, ppt, prick-prick test, sige, specific ige, rast, radio allergo sorbent test, scar, severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions, spt, skin prick test, w/v, weight /volume