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      Probiotics and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Psychiatry

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          Abstract

          Purpose of Review

          Probiotics are living bacteria, which when ingested in adequate amounts, confer health benefits. Gut microbes are suggested to play a role in many psychiatric disorders and could be a potential therapeutic target. Between the gut and the brain, there is a bi-directional communication pathway called the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The purpose of this review is to examine data from recent interventional studies focusing on probiotics and the gut-brain axis for the treatment of depression, anxiety and schizophrenia.

          Recent Findings

          Probiotics are likely to improve depression but not schizophrenia. Regarding anxiety, there is only one trial which showed an effect of a multispecies probiotic. However, determinants like the duration of treatment, dosage and interactions have not been thoroughly investigated and deserve more scientific attention.

          Summary

          Microbiome-based therapies such as probiotics could be cautiously recommended for depression to enhance beneficial bacteria in the gut and to improve mood through the gut-brain axis.

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          Most cited references41

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          Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health?

          Megan Bourassa, Ishraq Alim, Scott J. Bultman … (2016)
          As interest in the gut microbiome has grown in recent years, attention has turned to the impact of our diet on our brain. The benefits of a high fiber diet in the colon have been well documented in epidemiological studies, but its potential impact on the brain has largely been understudied. Here, we will review evidence that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon, can improve brain health. Butyrate has been extensively studied as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor but also functions as a ligand for a subset of G protein-coupled receptors and as an energy metabolite. These diverse modes of action make it well suited for solving the wide array of imbalances frequently encountered in neurological disorders. In this review, we will integrate evidence from the disparate fields of gastroenterology and neuroscience to hypothesize that the metabolism of a high fiber diet in the gut can alter gene expression in the brain to prevent neurodegeneration and promote regeneration.
          Article 0 comments Cited 259 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Controversies Revisited: A Systematic Review of the Comorbidity of Depression and Anxiety with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

            Lesley Graff, Antonina Mikocka-Walus, Simon R. Knowles … (2016)
            Although mental health concerns are known to occur commonly for those with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), the nature of this comorbid relationship has not been systematically reviewed to date. A review in 2007 identified 5 controversies regarding anxiety/depression rates and various comparators between and within IBD. We aimed to systematically analyze and critique the current evidence regarding this comorbidity, providing an update to the 5 controversies.
            Article 0 comments Cited 211 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Ly6C(hi) Monocytes Provide a Link between Antibiotic-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiota and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis.

              Luisa Möhle, Daniele Mattei, Markus M. Heimesaat … (2016)
              Antibiotics, though remarkably useful, can also cause certain adverse effects. We detected that treatment of adult mice with antibiotics decreases hippocampal neurogenesis and memory retention. Reconstitution with normal gut flora (SPF) did not completely reverse the deficits in neurogenesis unless the mice also had access to a running wheel or received probiotics. In parallel to an increase in neurogenesis and memory retention, both SPF-reconstituted mice that ran and mice supplemented with probiotics exhibited higher numbers of Ly6C(hi) monocytes in the brain than antibiotic-treated mice. Elimination of Ly6C(hi) monocytes by antibody depletion or the use of knockout mice resulted in decreased neurogenesis, whereas adoptive transfer of Ly6C(hi) monocytes rescued neurogenesis after antibiotic treatment. We propose that the rescue of neurogenesis and behavior deficits in antibiotic-treated mice by exercise and probiotics is partially mediated by Ly6C(hi) monocytes.
              Article 0 comments Cited 211 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sabrina Mörkl:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5034-6358
                sabrina.moerkl@medunigraz.at
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Nutr Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Nutr Rep
                Title: Current Nutrition Reports
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2161-3311
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 May 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 May 2020
                Publication date (Print): 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 171-182
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.7872.a, ISNI 0000000123318773, APC Microbiome Ireland, , University College Cork, ; Cork, Ireland
                [2 ]GRID grid.11598.34, ISNI 0000 0000 8988 2476, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, , Medical University of Graz, ; Graz, Austria
                [3 ]GRID grid.7872.a, ISNI 0000000123318773, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, , University College Cork, ; Cork, Ireland
                [4 ]GRID grid.7872.a, ISNI 0000000123318773, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, , University College Cork, ; Cork, Ireland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5034-6358
                Article
                Publisher ID: 313
                DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00313-5
                PMC ID: 7398953
                PubMed ID: 32406013
                SO-VID: 037c8adc-60ce-44e6-9740-81a31518eac4
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Science Foundation Irleand
                Award ID: SFI/12/RC/2273
                Categories
                Subject: Functional Foods (CM Whisner, Section Editor)
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: probiotics,microbiota-gut-brain axis,gut microbiota,vagal nerve,psychiatry,depression,schizophrenia,anxiety
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: probiotics, microbiota-gut-brain axis, gut microbiota, vagal nerve, psychiatry, depression, schizophrenia, anxiety

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