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      National health surveys and health policy: impact of the Jamaica health and lifestyle surveys and the reproductive health surveys Translated title: Estudios y políticas nacionales de salud: repercusión de los estudios de estilo de vida y salud, así como de los estudios de salud reproductiva en Jamaica

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          Abstract

          Over the last six decades, comprehensive national health surveys have become important data-gathering mechanisms to inform countries on their health status and provide information for health policy and programme planning. Developing countries have only recently begun such surveys and Jamaica has been at the forefront of this effort. Jamaica's Reproductive Health Surveys and programme response to their findings have resulted in an almost 50% reduction in fertility rates over three decades as well as a 40% reduction in unmet contraceptive needs and a 40% reduction in unplanned preg-nancies over the last two decades. The Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Surveys have served to reinforce the major burden that non-communicable diseases place on the society and the extent to which these are driven by unhealthy lifestyles. These surveys have shown that obesity, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia affect approximately 50%, 25%, 10% and 10% of the adult population, respectively. These surveys have documented low rates of treatment and control for these chronic non-communicable diseases despite two major policy initiatives, the National Programme for the Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles and the creation of the National Health Fund which subsidizes healthcare provision for chronic diseases. In order to maximize the uptake of the findings of future surveys into effective health policy, there will need to be effective collaborations between academia, policy-makers, regional and international health agencies, non-government organizations and civil society. Such collaborations should take into account the social, political and economic issues, thus ensuring a more comprehensive approach to health policy and result in improvement of the nation's health status and by extension national development.

          Translated abstract

          Durante las últimas seis décadas, los estudios de salud integrales nacionales han devenido importantes mecanismos de recolección de datos para informar a los países sobre sus respectivos estados de salud, así como brindar información para el planeamiento de los programas y políticas de salud. Sólo recientemente los países en desarrollo han comenzado a realizar esos estudios, y Jamaica ha estado a la vanguardia de este esfuerzo. Los Estudios de Salud Reproductiva en Jamaica y los programas en respuesta a sus hallazgos han traído como resultado una reducción de casi un 50% en las tasas de fertilidad por espacio de más de tres décadas, así como una reducción de 40% de las necesidades anticonceptivas insatisfechas y una reducción de 40% de embarazos no planificados en las últimas dos décadas. Los Estudios sobre Estilo de Vida y Salud en Jamaica han servido para dar mayor peso a evaluar la gran carga que las enfermedades no comunicables imponen a la sociedad y determinar hasta que punto las mismas son consecuencia de estilos de vida no saludables. Estos estudios han mostrado que la obesidad, la hipertensión, la diabetes y la dislipidemia afectan a la población adulta en proporciones aproximadas de 50%, 25%, 10% y 10% respectivamente. Estos estudios han suministrado datos que ponen de manifiesto bajas tasas en el tratamiento y control de estas enfermedades no comunicables, a pesar de dos iniciativas principales: el Programa Nacional para la Promoción de Estilos de Vida Saludables y la creación del Fondo de Salud Nacional. En ambos casos, se trata de políticas encaminadas a subvencionar el cuidado de la salud en el caso de enfermedades crónicas. Para aumentar al máximo la respuesta a los resultados de estudios futuros y su introducción efectiva en las políticas de atención a la salud, será necesario establecer colaboraciones efectivas entre la academia, los encargados de trazar políticas, las agencias de salud regionales e internacionales, las organizaciones no gubernamentales, y la sociedad civil. Tales colaboraciones deben tener en cuenta los problemas sociales, políticos y económicos, asegurando de este modo un enfoque más integral de las políticas de salud, así como el mejoramiento del estado de salud de la nación, y por extensión del desarrollo nacional.

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          The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of west African origin.

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            National Nutrition Survey in Japan--its methodological transition and current findings.

            The National Nutrition Survey in Japan (J-NNS), an annual nationwide survey on nutrition and diet of the Japanese people, is reviewed. J-NNS was started in the Tokyo Metropolitan area in 1945 following the end of World War II. The survey area was gradually expanded and became nationwide in 1948. The current survey obtains data from more than 12,000 persons of approximately 5,000 randomly selected households. The survey consists of three parts: a physical examination, a dietary intake survey and a dietary habit questionnaire. The physical examination includes anthropometric measurements and a blood test, the dietary intake survey examines nutrient/food intake with a semi-weighed recording method, and the dietary habit questionnaire monitors nutrition/diet-consciousness and dietary habits. In this review, the aim and brief history of the survey are outlined in the first section. The following section, explains its administrative framework, target population, sampling method, annual schedule and question items, focusing on their historical transition. Then the findings of the J-NNS are summarized, which highlights annual changes in the intake of energy, macronutrients, micronutrients and food groups. The current findings of the dietary habit questionnaire are also given in brief.
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              Evaluation of Health Interview Surveys and Health Examination Surveys in the European Union.

              The project 'Health surveys in the EU: HIS and HIS/HES evaluations and models' aims to assess the coverage of specific health and health-related areas in national and international surveys by reviewing and evaluating surveys, their methods and comparability, and by recommending appropriate survey designs and methods. As basis for the evaluation, the project developed a health survey database. At present, Health Interview Surveys (HIS) and Health Examination Surveys (HES) from 18 Western European countries as well as from Canada, Australia and the USA are included. National HISs have been carried out regularly in almost all Western European countries. The HIS may consist of short health sections or modules within multi-purpose surveys or lengthy health interviews with several questionnaires. National HESs with a comprehensive focus have been conducted at regular or irregular intervals in five countries. The HES may comprise an interview and a few measurements or a comprehensive health examination. Sampling frames, fieldwork, quality control procedures and response rates vary greatly. Differences between measurement instruments used, in the wording of questions and in examination protocols reduce the comparability of many findings. The Internet based HIS/HES database allows for a quick reference and comparison of methods and instruments used in national health surveys. It illustrates the need for improving comparability. Collaboration and co-ordination is needed to promote comprehensive health monitoring supporting the development of national and European-level health policy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                wimj
                West Indian Medical Journal
                West Indian med. j.
                The University of the West Indies (Mona, , Jamaica )
                0043-3144
                2309-5830
                July 2012
                : 61
                : 4
                : 372-379
                Affiliations
                [02] Kingston 7 orgnameThe University of the West Indies orgdiv1Faculty of Medical Sciences orgdiv2Research Resource Unit Jamaica
                [01] Kingston 7 orgnameThe University of the West Indies orgdiv1Tropical Medicine Research Institute orgdiv2Epidemiology Research Unit Jamaica
                [03] Kingston 7 orgnameThe University of the West Indies orgdiv1Hugh Wynter Fertility Management Unit Jamaica
                Article
                S0043-31442012000400015
                10.7727/wimj.2012.226
                23240472
                032c6e37-9ede-4d98-ab1e-c09e506225a9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 8
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                SciELO West Indians

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                estudios de examen de la salud,estudios de entrevistas de la salud,políticas de salud,Jamaica,estudios de salud nacional,Caribbean,developing countries,health examination surveys,health interview surveys,health policy,national health surveys,Caribe,países en desarrollo

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