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      Prevention of recurrent respiratory infections : Inter-society Consensus

      review-article
      1 , , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 5 , 1 , 1 , 6 , 7 , 1 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 1 , 1 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 2 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 1 , 1 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 12 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 4 , 22 , 1 , 4 , 12 , 1 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 27
      Italian Journal of Pediatrics
      BioMed Central
      Recurrent respiratory infections, Children, Immune system, Prevention

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          Abstract

          Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) are a common clinical condition in children, in fact about 25% of children under 1 year and 6% of children during the first 6 years of life have RRIs. In most cases, infections occur with mild clinical manifestations and the frequency of episodes tends to decrease over time with a complete resolution by 12 years of age. However, RRIs significantly reduce child and family quality of life and lead to significant medical and social costs.

          Despite the importance of this condition, there is currently no agreed definition of the term RRIs in the literature, especially concerning the frequency and type of infectious episodes to be considered. The aim of this consensus document is to propose an updated definition and provide recommendations with the intent of guiding the physician in the complex process of diagnosis, management and prevention of RRIs.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13052-021-01150-0.

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          Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics

          With the continued interest in the role of the gut microbiota in health, attention has now turned to how to harness the microbiota for the benefit of the host. This Consensus Statement outlines the definition and scope of the term 'prebiotic' as determined by an expert panel convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics in December 2016.
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            The interaction between nutrition and infection.

            Infection and malnutrition have always been intricately linked. Malnutrition is the primary cause of immunodeficiency worldwide, and we are learning more and more about the pathogenesis of this interaction. Five infectious diseases account for more than one-half of all deaths in children aged <5 years, most of whom are undernourished. Micronutrient deficiencies have effects such as poor growth, impaired intellect, and increased mortality and susceptibility to infection. The worldwide magnitude of parasite infection is enormous. It is understood that parasites may lead to malnutrition, but the extent to which malnutrition causes increased parasite infestation is not known; thus, the conditions need to be addressed together. Nutritional deficiencies associated with pregnancy are associated with poor immune response to infection. Because this immune deficiency is partially compensated by breast-feeding, this is the single best way to protect infants from infection. Malnutrition and nutritional alterations, common complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection, include disorders of food intake, nutrient absorption, and intermediary metabolism and play a significant and independent role in morbidity and mortality. The 21st century provides new information and new challenges. With new technologies and political changes, it is hoped that a healthier, more disease-free, and better-nourished population will emerge.
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              Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections

              Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                elena.chiappini@unifi.it
                Journal
                Ital J Pediatr
                Ital J Pediatr
                Italian Journal of Pediatrics
                BioMed Central (London )
                1824-7288
                25 October 2021
                25 October 2021
                2021
                : 47
                : 211
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.8404.8, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 2304, Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, ; Florence, Italy
                [2 ]GRID grid.4691.a, ISNI 0000 0001 0790 385X, Departement of Translational Medical Sciences, , Federico II University, ; Naples, Italy
                [3 ]GRID grid.8982.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1762 5736, Department of Pediatrics, , University of Pavia IRCCS San Matteo foundation, ; Pavia, Italy
                [4 ]GRID grid.414818.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 8749, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, ; Milan, Italy
                [5 ]GRID grid.414603.4, Respiratory Unit, Academic Pediatric Department, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù IRCCS, ; Rome, Italy
                [6 ]Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Lastra a Signa, Florence, Italy
                [7 ]Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Livorno, Italy
                [8 ]GRID grid.414125.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0727 6809, Airway Surgery Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, ; Rome, Italy
                [9 ]Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Pediatrics, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
                [10 ]GRID grid.7644.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0120 3326, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hospital Giovanni XXIII, , University of Bari, ; Bari, Italy
                [11 ]GRID grid.414125.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0727 6809, Institute of child health, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, ; Rome, Italy
                [12 ]GRID grid.5395.a, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 3729, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, , University of Pisa, ; Pisa, Italy
                [13 ]Pediatric Primary Care, National Pediatric Health Care System, Caserta, Italy
                [14 ]Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Chioggia, Venice, Italy
                [15 ]GRID grid.7841.a, Pediatric Department “Sapienza”, , University of Rome, ; Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
                [16 ]GRID grid.7841.a, Department of Pediatrics “Sapienza“, , University of Rome, ; Rome, Italy
                [17 ]GRID grid.4708.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 2822, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Odontoiatric Sciences, , Università degli Studi di Milano, ; Milan, Italy
                [18 ]Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Hospital Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
                [19 ]GRID grid.9841.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2200 8888, Department of Woman and Child and General and Specialized Surgery, , University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, ; Naples, Italy
                [20 ]Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Trento, Italy
                [21 ]GRID grid.7841.a, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, , Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, ; Rome, Italy
                [22 ]GRID grid.414125.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0727 6809, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, ; Rome, Italy
                [23 ]Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Torri di Quartesolo, Vicenza, Italy
                [24 ]GRID grid.417287.f, ISNI 0000 0004 1760 3158, Pediatric Oncology Hematology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, ; Perugia, Italy
                [25 ]GRID grid.5611.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1763 1124, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, , University of Verona, ; Verona, Italy
                [26 ]GRID grid.144189.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1756 8209, Department of Pediatrics Pulmonology and Allergology Section University Hospital of Pisa, ; Pisa, Italy
                [27 ]GRID grid.414125.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0727 6809, Department of Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, ; Rome, Italy
                [28 ]Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Colle Val d’Elsa, Siena, Italy
                [29 ]Department of Otolaryngology, Ospedale San Gennaro, Naples, Italy
                [30 ]Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit Salerno, Vietri sul Mare, Salerno, Italy
                [31 ]GRID grid.415079.e, ISNI 0000 0004 1759 989X, Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, ; Forlì, Italy
                [32 ]GRID grid.419425.f, ISNI 0000 0004 1760 3027, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, ; Pavia, Italy
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1476-4752
                Article
                1150
                10.1186/s13052-021-01150-0
                8543868
                34696778
                02b48a6f-8fce-469c-b690-4d7702b11228
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 1 March 2021
                : 9 September 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Valeas Inc, Milan, Italy
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Pediatrics
                recurrent respiratory infections,children,immune system,prevention
                Pediatrics
                recurrent respiratory infections, children, immune system, prevention

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