Fighting flu: novel CD8 ⁺ T‐cell targets are required for future influenza vaccines

Abstract

Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause severe medical and financial complications annually. Although there are many licenced influenza vaccines, there are billions of cases of influenza infection every year, resulting in the death of over half a million individuals. Furthermore, these figures can rise in the event of a pandemic, as seen throughout history, like the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic (50 million deaths) and the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic (~4 million deaths). In this review, we have summarised many of the currently licenced influenza vaccines available across the world and current vaccines in clinical trials. We then briefly discuss the important role of CD8 ⁺ T cells during influenza infection and why future influenza vaccines should consider targeting CD8 ⁺ T cells. Finally, we assess the current landscape of known immunogenic CD8 ⁺ T‐cell epitopes and highlight the knowledge gaps required to be filled for the design of rational future influenza vaccines that incorporate CD8 ⁺ T cells.

Abstract

Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause severe medical and financial complications annually despite vaccines being available. As such, there is a need for updated vaccines that provide long‐lasting protection to global populations. In this review, we summarise licenced influenza vaccines and those currently in clinical trials, highlighting their key advantages and limitations. Furthermore, we discuss activating CD8 ⁺ T cells for future influenza vaccinations, highlighting the current gaps in knowledge for rational vaccine design.