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      Influence of release size on establishment and impact of a root weevil for the biocontrol of houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale)

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      Biocontrol Science and Technology
      Informa UK Limited

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          Biological control of weeds.

          Classical biological control, i.e. the introduction and release of exotic insects, mites, or pathogens to give permanent control, is the predominant method in weed biocontrol. Inundative releases of predators and integrated pest management are less widely used. The United States, Australia, South Africa, Canada, and New Zealand use biocontrol the most. Weeds in natural ecosystems are increasingly becoming targets for biocontrol. Discussion continues on agent selection, but host-specificity testing is well developed and reliable. Post-release evaluation of impact is increasing, both on the target weed and on non-target plants. Control of aquatic weeds has been a notable success. Alien plant problems are increasing worldwide, and biocontrol offers the only safe, economic, and environmentally sustainable solution.
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            Belowground herbivory by insects: influence on plants and aboveground herbivores.

            Investigations of plant-herbivore interactions continue to be popular; however, a bias neglecting root feeders may limit our ability to understand how herbivores shape plant life histories. Root feeders can cause dramatic plant population declines, often associated with secondary stress factors such as drought or grazing. These severe impacts resulted in substantial interest in root feeders as agricultural pests and increasingly as biological weed control agents, particularly in North America. Despite logistical difficulties, establishment rates in biocontrol programs are equal or exceed those of aboveground herbivores (67.2% for aboveground herbivores, 77.5% for belowground herbivores) and root feeders are more likely to contribute to control (53.7% versus 33.6%). Models predicting root feeders would be negatively affected by competitively superior aboveground herbivores may be limited to early successional habitats or generalist root feeders attacking annual plants. In later successional habitats, root feeders become more abundant and appear to be the more potent force in driving plant performance and plant community composition. Aboveground herbivores, even at high population levels, were unable to prevent buildup of root herbivore populations and the resulting population collapse of their host plants. Significant information gaps exist about the impact of root feeders on plant physiology and secondary chemistry and their importance in natural areas, particularly in the tropics.
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              Successful Biological Control of Ragwort, Senecio Jacobaea, by Introduced Insects in Oregon

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biocontrol Science and Technology
                Biocontrol Science and Technology
                Informa UK Limited
                0958-3157
                1360-0478
                February 2009
                February 2009
                : 19
                : 2
                : 169-183
                Article
                10.1080/09583150802650167
                026b50b2-3300-4d59-89e6-da84c3e44a25
                © 2009
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