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      Junk food-induced obesity- a growing threat to youngsters during the pandemic

      research-article
      , M.Pharm., Ph.D., , Pharm.D, , Pharm.D, , Pharm.D, , M.Pharm., Ph.D.
      Obesity Medicine
      Elsevier Ltd.
      Adverse effects, COVID-19, Obesity, Cardiovascular complications, Junk food

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Obesity has been declared an epidemic that does not discriminate based on age, gender, or ethnicity and thus needs urgent containment and management. Since the third wave of COVID-19 is expected to affect children the most, these children and adolescents should be more cautious while having junk foods, during covid situations due to the compromise of Immunity in the individuals and further exacerbating the organ damage.

          Methodology

          A PAN India survey organized by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) among 13,274 children between the ages 9–14 years reported that 93% of the children ate packed food and 68% consumed packaged sweetened beverages more than once a week, and 53% ate these products at least once in a day. Almost 25% of the School going children take ultra-processed food with high levels of sugar, salt, fat, such as pizza and burgers, from fast food outlets more than once a week. Children and adolescents who consume more junk food or addicted to such consumption might be even more vulnerable during the third wave, which will significantly affect the younger category.

          Conclusion

          There is an urgent need to spread awareness among children and young adults about these adverse effects of junk food. There is no better time than now to build a supportive environment nurturing children and young adults in society and promising good health.

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          Most cited references62

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          A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection

          Immune support by micronutrients is historically based on vitamin C deficiency and supplementation in scurvy in early times. It has since been established that the complex, integrated immune system needs multiple specific micronutrients, including vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, and B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium, which play vital, often synergistic roles at every stage of the immune response. Adequate amounts are essential to ensure the proper function of physical barriers and immune cells; however, daily micronutrient intakes necessary to support immune function may be higher than current recommended dietary allowances. Certain populations have inadequate dietary micronutrient intakes, and situations with increased requirements (e.g., infection, stress, and pollution) further decrease stores within the body. Several micronutrients may be deficient, and even marginal deficiency may impair immunity. Although contradictory data exist, available evidence indicates that supplementation with multiple micronutrients with immune-supporting roles may modulate immune function and reduce the risk of infection. Micronutrients with the strongest evidence for immune support are vitamins C and D and zinc. Better design of human clinical studies addressing dosage and combinations of micronutrients in different populations are required to substantiate the benefits of micronutrient supplementation against infection.
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            Who's Stressed? Distributions of Psychological Stress in the United States in Probability Samples from 1983, 2006, and 20091

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              Understanding opioid reward.

              Opioids are the most potent analgesics in clinical use; however, their powerful rewarding properties can lead to addiction. The scientific challenge is to retain analgesic potency while limiting the development of tolerance, dependence, and addiction. Both rewarding and analgesic actions of opioids depend upon actions at the mu opioid (MOP) receptor. Systemic opioid reward requires MOP receptor function in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) which contains dopaminergic neurons. VTA dopaminergic neurons are implicated in various aspects of reward including reward prediction error, working memory, and incentive salience. It is now clear that subsets of VTA neurons have different pharmacological properties and participate in separate circuits. The degree to which MOP receptor agonists act on different VTA circuits depends upon the behavioral state of the animal, which can be altered by manipulations such as food deprivation or prior exposure to MOP receptor agonists.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Obes Med
                Obes Med
                Obesity Medicine
                Elsevier Ltd.
                2451-8476
                12 August 2021
                September 2021
                12 August 2021
                : 26
                : 100364
                Affiliations
                [1]SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603 203, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Tel.: +91 8098407611.
                Article
                S2451-8476(21)00047-6 100364
                10.1016/j.obmed.2021.100364
                8459649
                34580647
                024a508d-a016-4603-8155-0148928f1ea5
                © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 1 July 2021
                : 3 August 2021
                : 9 August 2021
                Categories
                Article

                adverse effects,covid-19,obesity,cardiovascular complications,junk food

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