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      Prevalence of high normal FBS and prediabetes among adolescents in Birjand, East of Iran, 2012

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          Abstract

          Background and Objectives:

          To determine the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in adolescents in Birjand city in eastern Iran.

          Materials and Methods:

          This cross-sectional study was done on 2653 students aged 11–18 years selected through multi-stage stratified and random sampling. Fasting blood glucose (FBS) of these students was measured applying the enzymatic process. The obtained data were analyzed by means of SPSS software (V: 15) and statistical tests T and X2.

          Results:

          The mean age of individual was 14.5 ± 2 years. Mean FBS of the whole population was 89.8 ± 9.8 mg/dl, but it was significantly higher among boys than girls ( P < 0.001). Out of the whole subjects (92.4%), 1,328 (95.1%) of the girls and 1,122 (89.3%) of the boys, FBS was less than 100 mg/dl among whom 64.4% had FBS above 86 mg/dl. In 200 subjects (7.5%) of whole population, FBS was 100–125 mg/dl; with that of the boys was 2.3 times than the girls revealing a prediabetes condition: OR = 2.3(CI: 1.7-3.2). Among the students, 3 (0.1%) had an FBS > 126 mg/dl. Mean blood glucose was significant regarding age and sex.

          Conclusions:

          High prevalence of high FBS (within normal range) among adolescents is warning and requires special attention of health officials. Screening of children and adolescents in order to identify those at risk and plan for intervening is urgent to prevent type-2 diabetes epidemic and following cardiovascular complications in the Society

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          Normal fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes in young men.

          Ilan Kochba, David Pereg, Amir Tirosh … (2005)
          The normal fasting plasma glucose level was recently defined as less than 100 mg per deciliter (5.55 mmol per liter). Whether higher fasting plasma glucose levels within this range independently predict type 2 diabetes in young adults is unclear. We obtained blood measurements, data from physical examinations, and medical and lifestyle information from men in the Israel Defense Forces who were 26 to 45 years of age. A total of 208 incident cases of type 2 diabetes occurred during 74,309 person-years of follow-up (from 1992 through 2004) among 13,163 subjects who had baseline fasting plasma glucose levels of less than 100 mg per deciliter. A multivariate model, adjusted for age, family history of diabetes, body-mass index, physical-activity level, smoking status, and serum triglyceride levels, revealed a progressively increased risk of type 2 diabetes in men with fasting plasma glucose levels of 87 mg per deciliter (4.83 mmol per liter) or more, as compared with those whose levels were in the bottom quintile (less than 81 mg per deciliter [4.5 mmol per liter], P for trend <0.001). In multivariate models, men with serum triglyceride levels of 150 mg per deciliter (1.69 mmol per liter) or more, combined with fasting plasma glucose levels of 91 to 99 mg per deciliter (5.05 to 5.50 mmol per liter), had a hazard ratio of 8.23 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.6 to 19.0) for diabetes, as compared with men with a combined triglyceride level of less than 150 mg per deciliter and fasting glucose levels of less than 86 mg per deciliter (4.77 mmol per liter). The joint effect of a body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 30 or more and a fasting plasma glucose level of 91 to 99 mg per deciliter resulted in a hazard ratio of 8.29 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.8 to 17.8), as compared with a body-mass index of less than 25 and a fasting plasma glucose level of less than 86 mg per deciliter. Higher fasting plasma glucose levels within the normoglycemic range constitute an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes among young men, and such levels may help, along with body-mass index and triglyceride levels, to identify apparently healthy men at increased risk for diabetes. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance in the Iranian urban population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

            Farzad Hadaegh, Mohammad Reza Bozorgmanesh, Asghar Ghasemi … (2008)
            Background To estimate the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and combined IFG/IGT in a large urban Iranian population aged ≥ 20 years. Methods The study population included 9,489 participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study with full relevant clinical data. Age-standardized prevalence of diabetes and glucose intolerance categories were reported according to the 2003 American Diabetes Association definitions. Age-adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the numbers needed to screen (NNTS) to find one person with undiagnosed diabetes. Results The prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, isolated IFG, isolated IGT, and combined IFG/IGT were 8.1%, 5.1%, 8.7%, 5.4% and 4.0% in men and 10%, 4.7%, 6.3%, 7.6%, and 4.5% in women respectively. Participants with undiagnosed diabetes had higher age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, triglycerides (all p values <0.001) and lower HDL-cholesterol (only in women, p < 0.01) compared to normoglycemic subjects. Undiagnosed diabetes was associated with family history of diabetes, increased BMI (≥ 25 kg/m2), abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and low HDL-cholesterol levels. Among men, a combination of increased BMI, hypertension, and family history of diabetes led to a NNTS of 1.6 (95% CI: 1.57–1.71) and among women a combination of family history of diabetes and abdominal obesity, yielded a NNTS of 2.2 (95% CI: 2.1–2.4). Conclusion In conclusion, about one third of Tehranian adults had disturbed glucose tolerance or diabetes. One- third of total cases with diabetes were undiagnosed. Screening individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (men), hypertension (men), abdominal obesity (women) and family history of diabetes may be more efficient.
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              Normal fasting plasma glucose and risk of type 2 diabetes diagnosis.

              Gregory Nichols, Teresa A. Hillier, Jonathan B Brown (2008)
              The study compares the risk of incident diabetes associated with fasting plasma glucose levels in the normal range, controlling for other risk factors. We identified 46,578 members of Kaiser Permanente Northwest who had fasting plasma glucose levels less than 100 mg/dL between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2000, and who did not previously have diabetes or impaired fasting glucose. After assigning subjects to 1 of 4 categories (<85, 85-89, 90-94, or 95-99 mg/dL), we followed them until they developed diabetes, died, or left the health plan, or until April 30, 2007. We used Cox regression analysis to estimate the risk of incident diabetes, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, blood pressure, lipids, smoking, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Subjects developed diabetes at a rate of less than 1% per year during a mean follow-up of 81.0 months. Each milligram per deciliter of fasting plasma glucose increased diabetes risk by 6% (hazard ratio [HR] 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.07, P < .0001) after controlling for other risk factors. Compared with those with fasting plasma glucose levels less than 85 mg/dL, subjects with glucose levels of 95 to 99 mg/dL were 2.33 times more likely to develop diabetes (HR 2.33; 95% CI, 1.95-2.79; P < .0001). Subjects in the 90 to 94 mg/dL group were 49% more likely to progress to diabetes (HR 1.49; 95% CI, 1.23-1.79; P <.0001). All other risk factors except sex were significantly associated with a diabetes diagnosis. The strong independent association between the level of normal fasting plasma glucose and the incidence of diabetes after controlling for other risk factors suggests that diabetes risk increases as fasting plasma glucose levels increase, even within the currently accepted normal range.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Educ Health Promot
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Educ Health Promot
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JEHP
                Title: Journal of Education and Health Promotion
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 2277-9531
                ISSN (Electronic): 2319-6440
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 August 2015
                Volume: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 68
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Pediatrics, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
                [1 ] Department of Community Medicine, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
                [2 ] Department of Cardiology, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
                [3 ] Department of Pathology, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Fatemeh Taheri, South Khorassan, Birjand, Ghafari Street, Valiassr Hospital, Pediatric Ward, Iran. E-mail: ftaheri64@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JEHP-4-68
                DOI: 10.4103/2277-9531.162389
                PMC ID: 4579764
                SO-VID: 0209008e-314f-469a-8166-d966b42700e7
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2015 Chahkandi T.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: adolescents,birjand,fasting blood sugar,ira,prediabetes,prevalence
                Data availability:
                Keywords: adolescents, birjand, fasting blood sugar, ira, prediabetes, prevalence

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