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      175 Jahre Anästhesie und Narkose – Auf dem Weg zu einem „Menschenrecht auf Ohnmacht“ Translated title: 175 years of anesthesia and narcosis—Towards a “human right to unconsciousness”

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          Abstract

          Der „Äthertag“, ein Schlüsselmoment in der Geschichte der Menschheit, jährt sich am 16. Oktober 2021 zum 175. Mal. Nachdem der Zahnarzt William T. G. Morton in Boston die erste erfolgreiche öffentliche Äthernarkose gegeben hatte, schien es von nun an möglich, Menschen mit vertretbarem Risiko vor Schmerz zu bewahren und gleichzeitig durch die Induktion von Bewusstlosigkeit vor psychischen Folgeschäden zu schützen. Der Philosoph Peter Sloterdijk spricht von einem „Recht auf Nicht-Dabei-Sein-Müssen“, das die Anästhesie dem Menschen seit 1846 ermöglicht, und leitet daraus „gewissermaßen ein Menschenrecht auf Ohnmacht“ ab. Die Umsetzung dieser Idee liegt jedoch in weiter Ferne. Zum einen fehlt in vielen Ländern in großer Zahl qualifiziertes Personal, um selbst Narkosen für lebensnotwendige Operationen durchführen zu können. Zum anderen ist über Jahrzehnte klar geworden, dass die Anästhesie für die Menschheit nicht nur segensreich ist, sondern auch ihre „dunkle Seite“ zeigen kann: Substanzmissbrauch, Einsatz von Anästhetika bei Folterungen und Hinrichtungen. Zudem ist der Stellenwert der Anästhetika bei Wiederbelebungsmaßnahmen, in der Palliativmedizin und zur Erleichterung von Hinrichtungen unklar oder umstritten. Letztlich sind auch die erforderlichen förmlichen Schritte zur (völker)rechtlichen Anerkennung eines „Menschenrechts auf Ohnmacht“ bislang nicht vollzogen worden.

          Translated abstract

          The Ether Day, a key moment in the history of mankind, commemorates its 175th anniversary on 16 October 2021. On that day the dentist William T. G. Morton successfully gave the first public ether anesthesia in Boston. From then on it was possible to save people from pain with justifiable risk and at the same time to protect them from psychological damage by inducing unconsciousness. The German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, one of the most renowned and effective philosophers of our times, deduced that from then on humans, to some extent, had a right to unconsciousness when in psychophysical distress. This postulate unfolded from his concept of “anthropotechnics” developed around 1997, meaning the idea of treating human nature as an object of possible improvements. According to Sloterdijk, in favorable cases a synthesis of man and technology can result in a significant improvement of human capabilities in the sense of “enhancement”, i.e. an increase, an improvement or even an expansion of intellectual, physical or psychological possibilities, as it were in a transgression of the human (so-called transhumanism). Man should go into vertical tension, i.e. strive for higher aims and exploit his inherent potential, he should not dwell in the horizontal. This is not meant as an appeal but as an imperative: “You must change your life!”. In this context modern anesthesia may prove helpful: be operated on by others in order to undergo an enhancement. Or, in its most extreme form, the operation in the “auto-operational curved space”, a person can even operate on himself as has been dramatically demonstrated by Rogozov, a young Russian physician and trainee surgeon who successfully performed a self-appendectomy under local anesthesia at the Novolazarevskaya Antarctic Station in 1961; however, the implementation of this idea is a long way off. On the one hand, many countries lack qualified personnel in sufficiently large numbers to perform even vital operations with patients under anesthesia. On the other hand, over the decades it has become clear that anesthesia is obviously beneficial for mankind in that it offers relief from pain and psychological stress but that it can also often show its dark side: substance abuse, use of anesthetics in torture and in executions. In addition, the role of anesthetics in resuscitation, palliative care, and allaying executions is unclear or controversial. Finally, the necessary formal legal steps to acknowledge a “human right to unconsciousness” have not yet been implemented.

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          The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises

          The current International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) definition of pain as "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage" was recommended by the Subcommittee on Taxonomy and adopted by the IASP Council in 1979. This definition has become accepted widely by health care professionals and researchers in the pain field and adopted by several professional, governmental, and nongovernmental organizations, including the World Health Organization. In recent years, some in the field have reasoned that advances in our understanding of pain warrant a reevaluation of the definition and have proposed modifications. Therefore, in 2018, the IASP formed a 14-member, multinational Presidential Task Force comprising individuals with broad expertise in clinical and basic science related to pain, to evaluate the current definition and accompanying note and recommend whether they should be retained or changed. This review provides a synopsis of the critical concepts, the analysis of comments from the IASP membership and public, and the committee's final recommendations for revisions to the definition and notes, which were discussed over a 2-year period. The task force ultimately recommended that the definition of pain be revised to "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage," and that the accompanying notes be updated to a bulleted list that included the etymology. The revised definition and notes were unanimously accepted by the IASP Council early this year.
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              Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial.

              Male circumcision could provide substantial protection against acquisition of HIV-1 infection. Our aim was to determine whether male circumcision had a protective effect against HIV infection, and to assess safety and changes in sexual behaviour related to this intervention. We did a randomised controlled trial of 2784 men aged 18-24 years in Kisumu, Kenya. Men were randomly assigned to an intervention group (circumcision; n=1391) or a control group (delayed circumcision, 1393), and assessed by HIV testing, medical examinations, and behavioural interviews during follow-ups at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. HIV seroincidence was estimated in an intention-to-treat analysis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, with the number NCT00059371. The trial was stopped early on December 12, 2006, after a third interim analysis reviewed by the data and safety monitoring board. The median length of follow-up was 24 months. Follow-up for HIV status was incomplete for 240 (8.6%) participants. 22 men in the intervention group and 47 in the control group had tested positive for HIV when the study was stopped. The 2-year HIV incidence was 2.1% (95% CI 1.2-3.0) in the circumcision group and 4.2% (3.0-5.4) in the control group (p=0.0065); the relative risk of HIV infection in circumcised men was 0.47 (0.28-0.78), which corresponds to a reduction in the risk of acquiring an HIV infection of 53% (22-72). Adjusting for non-adherence to treatment and excluding four men found to be seropositive at enrollment, the protective effect of circumcision was 60% (32-77). Adverse events related to the intervention (21 events in 1.5% of those circumcised) resolved quickly. No behavioural risk compensation after circumcision was observed. Male circumcision significantly reduces the risk of HIV acquisition in young men in Africa. Where appropriate, voluntary, safe, and affordable circumcision services should be integrated with other HIV preventive interventions and provided as expeditiously as possible.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                klaus.lewandowski@t-online.de
                Journal
                Anaesthesist
                Anaesthesist
                Der Anaesthesist
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0003-2417
                1432-055X
                16 September 2021
                : 1-16
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.6363.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2218 4662, Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, , Charité (extern), ; Berlin, Deutschland
                [2 ]GRID grid.8664.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2165 8627, Justus-Liebig-Universität, ; Gießen, Deutschland
                [3 ]GRID grid.491941.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 6785, Zentrum für Ethik in der Medizin, , Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, ; Frankfurt a. M., Deutschland
                Article
                1043
                10.1007/s00101-021-01043-1
                8444521
                00f10899-0bee-4042-bc26-d3e11cc19ac6
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 20 August 2021
                Categories
                Leitthema

                jubiläum,geschichte der anästhesie,äther,schmerz,bewusstlosigkeit,anniversary,history of anesthesia,ether,pain,unconsciousness

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