Evaluation of Different Adiposity Indices and Association with Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Obese Children: Is there a Winner?

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Abstract

Body shape index (ABSI) and triponderal mass index (TMI) have been recently associated with cardiovascular risk in adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between different anthropometric adiposity indexes and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Caucasian obese children and adolescents. Consecutive obese children aged ≥7 years have been enrolled. Anthropometric parameters, body composition (by bioelectrical impedance), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure have been measured. Fasting blood samples have been analyzed for lipids, insulin, glucose. A multivariate logistic regression analyses, with body mass index z-score, waist to height ratio, ABSI z-score, TMI, conicity index as predictors for MetS (IDEFICS and IDF criteria according to age) has been performed. Four hundred and three (179 boys and 224 girls) obese children, aged 7–20 years, have been evaluated. When we explored the joint contribution of each anthropometric and adiposity index of interest and BMIz on the risk of MetS, we found that the inclusion of ABSIz improved the prediction of MetS compared to BMIz alone. ABSI-BMI can be a useful index for evaluating the relative contribution of central obesity to cardiometabolic risk in clinical management of obese children and adolescents.

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Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women.

M Pouliot, J P Després, S Lemieux … (1994)

The amount of abdominal visceral adipose tissue measured by computed tomography is a critical correlate of the potentially "atherogenic" metabolic disturbances associated with abdominal obesity. In this study conducted in samples of 81 men and 70 women, data are presented on the anthropometric correlates of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular disease risk factors (triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, fasting and postglucose insulin and glucose levels). Results indicate that the waist circumference and the abdominal sagittal diameter are better correlates of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation than the commonly used waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). In women, the waist circumference and the abdominal sagittal diameter also appeared more closely related to the metabolic variables than the WHR. When the samples were divided into quintiles of waist circumference, WHR or abdominal sagittal diameter, it was noted that increasing values of waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter were more consistently associated with increases in fasting and postglucose insulin levels than increasing values of WHR, especially in women. These findings suggest that the waist circumference or the abdominal sagittal diameter, rather than the WHR, should be used as indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue deposition and in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. It is suggested from these data that waist circumference values above approximately 100 cm, or abdominal sagittal diameter values > 25 cm are most likely to be associated with potentially "atherogenic" metabolic disturbances.

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A New Body Shape Index Predicts Mortality Hazard Independently of Body Mass Index

Nir Krakauer, Jesse C. Krakauer (2012)

Background Obesity, typically quantified in terms of Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeding threshold values, is considered a leading cause of premature death worldwide. For given body size (BMI), it is recognized that risk is also affected by body shape, particularly as a marker of abdominal fat deposits. Waist circumference (WC) is used as a risk indicator supplementary to BMI, but the high correlation of WC with BMI makes it hard to isolate the added value of WC. Methods and Findings We considered a USA population sample of 14,105 non-pregnant adults ( ) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004 with follow-up for mortality averaging 5 yr (828 deaths). We developed A Body Shape Index (ABSI) based on WC adjusted for height and weight: ABSI had little correlation with height, weight, or BMI. Death rates increased approximately exponentially with above average baseline ABSI (overall regression coefficient of per standard deviation of ABSI [95% confidence interval: – ]), whereas elevated death rates were found for both high and low values of BMI and WC. ( – ) of the population mortality hazard was attributable to high ABSI, compared to ( – ) for BMI and ( – ) for WC. The association of death rate with ABSI held even when adjusted for other known risk factors including smoking, diabetes, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol. ABSI correlation with mortality hazard held across the range of age, sex, and BMI, and for both white and black ethnicities (but not for Mexican ethnicity), and was not weakened by excluding deaths from the first 3 yr of follow-up. Conclusions Body shape, as measured by ABSI, appears to be a substantial risk factor for premature mortality in the general population derivable from basic clinical measurements. ABSI expresses the excess risk from high WC in a convenient form that is complementary to BMI and to other known risk factors.

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Economic Burden of Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review

Maximilian Tremmel, Ulf-G Gerdtham, Peter M. Nilsson … (2017)

Background: The rising prevalence of obesity represents an important public health issue. An assessment of its costs may be useful in providing recommendations for policy and decision makers. This systematic review aimed to assess the economic burden of obesity and to identify, measure and describe the different obesity-related diseases included in the selected studies. Methods: A systematic literature search of studies in the English language was carried out in Medline (PubMed) and Web of Science databases to select cost-of-illness studies calculating the cost of obesity in a study population aged ≥18 years with obesity, as defined by a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m², for the whole selected country. The time frame for the analysis was January 2011 to September 2016. Results: The included twenty three studies reported a substantial economic burden of obesity in both developed and developing countries. There was considerable heterogeneity in methodological approaches, target populations, study time frames, and perspectives. This prevents an informative comparison between most of the studies. Specifically, there was great variety in the included obesity-related diseases and complications among the studies. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for public health measures to prevent obesity in order to save societal resources. Moreover, international consensus is required on standardized methods to calculate the cost of obesity to improve homogeneity and comparability. This aspect should also be considered when including obesity-related diseases.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms

Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067

Publication date (Electronic): 08 June 2020

Publication date Collection: June 2020

Volume: 21

Issue: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 4083

Affiliations

[1 ]International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; alessandro.leone1@ 123456unimi.it (A.L.); simone.ravella@ 123456unimi.it (S.R.); ramona.deamicis@ 123456unimi.it (R.D.A.); alberto.battezzati@ 123456unimi.it (A.B.)

[2 ]Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; sara.vizzuso@ 123456unimi.it (S.V.); elvira.verduci@ 123456unimi.it (E.V.)

[3 ]Family Pediatrician, ATS Città Metropolitana Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; paolo.brambilla3@ 123456gmail.com

[4 ]Department of Pediatrics Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; chiara.mameli@ 123456unimi.it (C.M.); gianvincenzo.zuccotti@ 123456unimi.it (G.Z.)

[5 ]Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Lab of Nutrition and Obesity Research, 20145 Milan, Italy

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: simona.bertoli@ 123456unimi.it

[†]

These authors have contributed equally to this work.

Author information

Alessandro Leone https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8063-8490

Ramona De Amicis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0403-5465

Gianvincenzo Zuccotti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-9874

Simona Bertoli https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5867-8074

Elvira Verduci https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2111-3111

Article

Publisher ID: ijms-21-04083

DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114083

PMC ID: 7313019

PubMed ID: 32521608

SO-VID: 0047e72a-d532-478b-81e2-75576d6c5821

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Evaluation of Different Adiposity Indices and Association with Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Obese Children: Is there a Winner?

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Most cited references 42

Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women.

A New Body Shape Index Predicts Mortality Hazard Independently of Body Mass Index

Economic Burden of Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review

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