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      Effects of a passive upper-body exoskeleton on whole-body kinematics, leg muscle activity, and discomfort during a carrying task

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To compare whole-body kinematics, leg muscle activity, and discomfort while performing a 10-min carrying task with and without a passive upper-body exoskeleton (CarrySuit ), for both males and females.

          Background

          Diverse commercial passive exoskeletons have appeared on the market claiming to assist lifting or carrying task. However, evidence of their impact on kinematics, muscle activity, and discomfort while performing these tasks are necessary to determine their benefits and/or limitations.

          Method

          Sixteen females and fourteen males carried a 15kg load with and without a passive exoskeleton during 10-min over a round trip route, in two non-consecutive days. Whole-body kinematics and leg muscle activity were evaluated for each condition. In addition, leg discomfort ratings were quantified before and immediately after the task.

          Results

          The gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscle activity remained constant over the task with the exoskeleton. Without the exoskeleton a small decrease of gastrocnemius median activation was observed regardless of sex, and a small increase in static vastus lateralis activation was observed only for females. Several differences in sagittal, frontal, and transverse movements’ ranges of motion were found between conditions and over the task. With the exoskeleton, ROM in the sagittal plane increased over time for the right ankle and pelvis for both sexes, and knees for males only. Thorax ROMs in the three planes were higher for females only when using the exoskeleton. Leg discomfort was lower with the exoskeleton than without.

          Conclusion

          The results revealed a positive impact on range of motion, leg muscle activity, and discomfort of the tested exoskeleton.

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          Most cited references45

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          Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms

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            ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion—part I: ankle, hip, and spine

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              Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review of recent longitudinal studies.

              This systematic review was designed and conducted in an effort to evaluate the evidence currently available for the many suggested risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. To identify pertinent literature we searched four electronic databases (Cinahl, Embase, Medline, and The Cochrane Library). The search strategies combined terms for musculoskeletal disorders, work, and risk factors. Only case-control or cohort studies were included. A total of 1,761 non-duplicated articles were identified and screened, and 63 studies were reviewed and integrated in this article. The risk factors identified for the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders were divided and organized according to the affected body part, type of risk factor (biomechanical, psychosocial, or individual) and level of evidence (strong, reasonable, or insufficient evidence). Risk factors with at least reasonable evidence of a causal relationship for the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders include: heavy physical work, smoking, high body mass index, high psychosocial work demands, and the presence of co-morbidities. The most commonly reported biomechanical risk factors with at least reasonable evidence for causing WMSD include excessive repetition, awkward postures, and heavy lifting. Additional high methodological quality studies are needed to further understand and provide stronger evidence of the causal relationship between risk factors and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The information provided in this article may be useful to healthcare providers, researchers, and ergonomists interested on risk identification and design of interventions to reduce the rates of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                11 July 2024
                2024
                : 19
                : 7
                : e0304606
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
                [2 ] Department of Orthopaedics, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
                Kennedy Krieger Institute/Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5666-2156
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8724-7035
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5033-1607
                Article
                PONE-D-23-26445
                10.1371/journal.pone.0304606
                11238980
                38990910
                00284ba3-2f01-42dc-9b66-e5147d0911b4
                © 2024 Garcia et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 18 August 2023
                : 14 May 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 6, Pages: 24
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animal Physiology
                Exoskeleton
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Ankles
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Ankles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Pelvis
                Hip
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Pelvis
                Hip
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Thorax
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Thorax
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Skeletal Joints
                Knees
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Skeletal Joints
                Knees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Knees
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Knees
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Kinematics
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Bioassays and Physiological Analysis
                Electrophysiological Techniques
                Muscle Electrophysiology
                Electromyography
                Custom metadata
                The datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11210383.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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