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      Inspiratory muscle training in interstitial lung disease: a systematic scoping review Translated title: Treinamento muscular inspiratório na doença pulmonar intersticial: revisão sistemática de escopo

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          ABSTRACT

          Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been described as one of the components of the treatment of chronic lung conditions such as obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Although the number of studies showing results of IMT in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) is scarce when compared with studies in patients with COPD, evidence points to benefits of IMT in this population. This scoping review aimed to explore the role and the rationale of IMT in patients with ILD and to gather recent evidence on the effects of IMT in this population. The studies included in this review showed improvements in respiratory muscle function, quality of life, exercise capacity and dyspnea after ILD patients participated in programs that included stand-alone IMT or combined with pulmonary rehabilitation. There is still a gap in the literature to allow a clear conclusion on the indications of IMT as part of ILD treatment because of poor research design and small numbers of participants. Therefore, although IMT seems to have a positive effect in patients with ILD, current evidence prevents us from drawing a definite conclusion. Further studies need to be conducted using better research methodology to demonstrate and confirm the positive effects of IMT.

          RESUMO

          O treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) já foi descrito como um dos componentes do tratamento de doenças pulmonares crônicas obstrutivas e restritivas. Embora os estudos que mostram os resultados do TMI em pacientes com doença pulmonar intersticial (DPI) sejam escassos em comparação com os estudos em pacientes com DPOC, as evidências indicam que o TMI traz benefícios para essa população. O objetivo desta revisão de escopo foi explorar o papel e a lógica do TMI em pacientes com DPI e reunir evidências recentes sobre os efeitos do TMI nessa população. Os estudos incluídos nesta revisão mostraram melhora na função muscular respiratória, qualidade de vida, capacidade de exercício e dispneia depois que pacientes com DPI participaram de programas com TMI apenas ou em conjunto com reabilitação pulmonar. Ainda há uma lacuna na literatura que impede que se chegue a uma conclusão clara a respeito da indicação do TMI como parte do tratamento de DPI em virtude da baixa qualidade do desenho dos estudos e do pequeno número de participantes. Portanto, embora os efeitos do TMI em pacientes com DPI sejam aparentemente positivos, as evidências atuais não permitem que se chegue a uma conclusão definitiva. São necessários mais estudos com metodologia de pesquisa melhor para demonstrar e confirmar os efeitos positivos do TMI.

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          Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework

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            Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

            Nintedanib (formerly known as BIBF 1120) is an intracellular inhibitor that targets multiple tyrosine kinases. A phase 2 trial suggested that treatment with 150 mg of nintedanib twice daily reduced lung-function decline and acute exacerbations in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We conducted two replicate 52-week, randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trials (INPULSIS-1 and INPULSIS-2) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 150 mg of nintedanib twice daily as compared with placebo in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The primary end point was the annual rate of decline in forced vital capacity (FVC). Key secondary end points were the time to the first acute exacerbation and the change from baseline in the total score on the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, both assessed over a 52-week period. A total of 1066 patients were randomly assigned in a 3:2 ratio to receive nintedanib or placebo. The adjusted annual rate of change in FVC was -114.7 ml with nintedanib versus -239.9 ml with placebo (difference, 125.3 ml; 95% confidence interval [CI], 77.7 to 172.8; P<0.001) in INPULSIS-1 and -113.6 ml with nintedanib versus -207.3 ml with placebo (difference, 93.7 ml; 95% CI, 44.8 to 142.7; P<0.001) in INPULSIS-2. In INPULSIS-1, there was no significant difference between the nintedanib and placebo groups in the time to the first acute exacerbation (hazard ratio with nintedanib, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.54 to 2.42; P=0.67); in INPULSIS-2, there was a significant benefit with nintedanib versus placebo (hazard ratio, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.77; P=0.005). The most frequent adverse event in the nintedanib groups was diarrhea, with rates of 61.5% and 18.6% in the nintedanib and placebo groups, respectively, in INPULSIS-1 and 63.2% and 18.3% in the two groups, respectively, in INPULSIS-2. In patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, nintedanib reduced the decline in FVC, which is consistent with a slowing of disease progression; nintedanib was frequently associated with diarrhea, which led to discontinuation of the study medication in less than 5% of patients. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; INPULSIS-1 and INPULSIS-2 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01335464 and NCT01335477.).
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              An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: Update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.

              In 2002 the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) defined seven specific entities, and provided standardized terminology and diagnostic criteria. In addition, the historical "gold standard" of histologic diagnosis was replaced by a multidisciplinary approach. Since 2002 many publications have provided new information about IIPs. The objective of this statement is to update the 2002 ATS/ERS classification of IIPs. An international multidisciplinary panel was formed and developed key questions that were addressed through a review of the literature published between 2000 and 2011. Substantial progress has been made in IIPs since the previous classification. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is now better defined. Respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease is now commonly diagnosed without surgical biopsy. The clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is recognized to be heterogeneous. Acute exacerbation of IIPs is now well defined. A substantial percentage of patients with IIP are difficult to classify, often due to mixed patterns of lung injury. A classification based on observed disease behavior is proposed for patients who are difficult to classify or for entities with heterogeneity in clinical course. A group of rare entities, including pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis and rare histologic patterns, is introduced. The rapidly evolving field of molecular markers is reviewed with the intent of promoting additional investigations that may help in determining diagnosis, and potentially prognosis and treatment. This update is a supplement to the previous 2002 IIP classification document. It outlines advances in the past decade and potential areas for future investigation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                Jul-Aug 2021
                Jul-Aug 2021
                : 47
                : 4
                : e20210089
                Affiliations
                [1 ]. Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne (VIC) Australia.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Mariana Hoffman. Monash University, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, 3004, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Tel.: 61 3 9903-0568. E-mail: mariana.hoffman1@ 123456monash.edu or mariana_hoffmanb@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8818-2958
                Article
                00000
                10.36416/1806-3756/e20210089
                8979670
                34495175
                0022b9e9-38e0-4e66-acfc-6f6029635b22

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 18 April 2021
                : 28 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 45
                Categories
                Review Article

                respiratory muscles,lung diseases, interstitial,rehabilitation,músculos respiratórios,doenças pulmonares intersticiais,reabilitação

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