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      Green coffee methanolic extract and silymarin protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in albino male rats

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          Abstract

          Background

          During the last few decades, patients worldwide have been interested in using alternative medicine in treating diseases to avoid the increased side effects of chemical medications. Green coffee is unroasted coffee seeds that have higher amounts of chlorogenic acid compared to roasted coffee. Green coffee was successfully used to protect against obesity, Alzheimer disease, high blood pressure and bacterial infection.

          Methods

          This study aimed to investigate the probable protective activity of the green coffee methanolic extract, silymarin and their combination on CCl 4-induced liver toxicity in male rats. Thirty Sprague – Dawley male albino rats were divided into 5 groups; control negative (G1) just got the vehicle (olive oil) and the other four groups received CCl 4 dissolved in olive oil through an intraperitoneal injection and were divided into untreated control positive group (G2), the third group (G3) was treated with green coffee methanolic extract, the fourth group (G4) was treated with silymarin, and the fifth group (G5) was treated with a combination of green coffee methanolic extract and silymarin.

          Results

          In the positive control group treated with CCl 4 (G2), the CCl 4-induced toxicity increased lipid peroxidation, IL-6, kidney function parameters, liver function enzymes, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins, and decreased irisin, antioxidants, CYP450 and high-density lipoprotein levels. Hepatic tissues were also injured. However, treating the injured rats in G3, G4 and G5 significantly improved the altered parameters and hepatic tissues.

          Conclusions

          Green coffee methanolic extract, silymarin, and their combination succeeded in protecting the male rats against CCl4 hepatotoxicity due to their antioxidant activity. Effect of green coffee methanolic extract mixed with silymarin in G5 was more efficient than that of green coffee methanolic extract in G3 or silymarin in G4.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-020-03186-x.

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          Most cited references44

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          The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases

          Sha Li, Hor-Yue Tan, Ning Wang … (2015)
          A complex antioxidant system has been developed in mammals to relieve oxidative stress. However, excessive reactive species derived from oxygen and nitrogen may still lead to oxidative damage to tissue and organs. Oxidative stress has been considered as a conjoint pathological mechanism, and it contributes to initiation and progression of liver injury. A lot of risk factors, including alcohol, drugs, environmental pollutants and irradiation, may induce oxidative stress in liver, which in turn results in severe liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Application of antioxidants signifies a rational curative strategy to prevent and cure liver diseases involving oxidative stress. Although conclusions drawn from clinical studies remain uncertain, animal studies have revealed the promising in vivo therapeutic effect of antioxidants on liver diseases. Natural antioxidants contained in edible or medicinal plants often possess strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities as well as anti-inflammatory action, which are also supposed to be the basis of other bioactivities and health benefits. In this review, PubMed was extensively searched for literature research. The keywords for searching oxidative stress were free radicals, reactive oxygen, nitrogen species, anti-oxidative therapy, Chinese medicines, natural products, antioxidants and liver diseases. The literature, including ours, with studies on oxidative stress and anti-oxidative therapy in liver diseases were the focus. Various factors that cause oxidative stress in liver and effects of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases were summarized, questioned, and discussed.
          Article 0 comments Cited 308 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The potential effects of chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic components in coffee, on health: a comprehensive review of the literature.

            Paul Enck, Isabelle Mack, Narges Tajik … (2017)
            Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an important biologically active dietary polyphenol, is produced by certain plant species and is a major component of coffee. Reduction in the risk of a variety of diseases following CGA consumption has been mentioned in recent basic and clinical research studies. This systematic review discusses in vivo animal and human studies of the physiological and biochemical effects of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) on biomarkers of chronic disease. We searched PubMed, Embase, Amed and Scopus using the following search terms: ("chlorogenic acid" OR "green coffee bean extract") AND (human OR animal) (last performed on April 1st, 2015) for relevant literature on the in vivo effects of CGAs in animal and human models, including clinical trials on cardiovascular, metabolic, cancerogenic, neurological and other functions. After exclusion of editorials and letters, uncontrolled observations, duplicate and not relevant publications the remaining 94 studies have been reviewed. The biological properties of CGA in addition to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects have recently been reported. It is postulated that CGA is able to exert pivotal roles on glucose and lipid metabolism regulation and on the related disorders, e.g. diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, cancer, and hepatic steatosis. The wide range of potential health benefits of CGA, including its anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity impacts, may provide a non-pharmacological and non-invasive approach for treatment or prevention of some chronic diseases. In this study, the effects of CGAs on different aspects of health by reviewing the related literatures have been discussed.
            Article 0 comments Cited 148 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Use of 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine.

              L Prencipe, G Berti, P. Fossati (1980)
              A new direct colorimetric procedure for uric acid assay in serum or urine is described, utilizing a 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and uricase from Aspergillus flavus. This chromogen system has a high absorptivity, affording useful results with sample/reagent volume ratios as low as 0.025. The procedure is applicable to serum, plasma, or diluted urine. A single working reagent is used; the reaction is complete in less than 15 min at room temperature. The red dye formed is measured at 520 nm; a blank sample measurement is not needed. The standard curve for the method is linear for uric acid concentrations up to 1500 mumol/L. Average analytical recovery of uric acid in human sera and urine exceeded 99%; within-run and between-run precision studies showed CV's of less than or equal to 1.2 and less than or equal to 2.2%, respectively. The new procedure correlated well with the uricase/catalase and uricase/ultraviolet methods. The method is suitable for automation.
              Article 0 comments Cited 139 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Haddad A. El Rabey:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4347-6864
                elrabey@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Complement Med Ther
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Complement Med Ther
                Title: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2662-7671
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 January 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 7 January 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 21
                Electronic Location Identifier: 19
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.440760.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0419 5685, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, , University of Tabuk, ; Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
                [2 ]GRID grid.449877.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4652 351X, Bioinformatics Department, , Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, ; Sadat City, Egypt
                [3 ]Clinical Nutrition Department, Mahalla Hepatology Teaching Hospital, Gharbyia, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Egypt
                [4 ]GRID grid.412258.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9477 7793, Biochemistry section, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, , Tanta University, ; Tanta, Egypt
                [5 ]GRID grid.440760.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0419 5685, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, , University of Tabuk, ; Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
                [6 ]GRID grid.440760.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0419 5685, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, , University of Tabuk, ; Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
                [7 ]GRID grid.412125.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0619 1117, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, , King Abdulaziz University, ; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [8 ]GRID grid.10251.37, ISNI 0000000103426662, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cord Blood Unit, , Mansoura University Children Hospital, ; Mansoura, Egypt
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4347-6864
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3186
                DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03186-x
                PMC ID: 7792057
                PubMed ID: 33413326
                SO-VID: 5dfc559a-0939-4a77-8db0-88f4baad6927
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 19 December 2019
                Date accepted : 13 December 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

                Keywords: antioxidants,green coffee,hepatotoxicity,irisin,oxidative stress
                Data availability:
                Keywords: antioxidants, green coffee, hepatotoxicity, irisin, oxidative stress

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