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      Riluzole Ameliorates Harmaline-induced Tremor in Rat

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Excessive olivo-cerebellar burst-firing occurs during harmaline-induced tremor. We hypothesized that antiglutamatergic agents would suppress harmaline tremor. From this point of view, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of riluzole on harmaline-induced tremor in rat.

          Methods

          Four groups of Wistar rats weighing 80–100 g were injected with harmaline (30 mg/ kg i.p.) for inducing experimental tremors. The rats in group 1 served as control, whereas the animals in groups 2, 3 and 4 were also given riluzole intraperitonealy at doses of 2, 4 and 8 mg/ kg 30 min before and 90 min after harmaline administration. The onset latency, intensity and duration of tremor were recorded.

          Results

          The results of this study demonstrated that riluzole could significantly increase latency period, and reduce duration and intensity of tremor.

          Discussion

          It is concluded that pretreatment of riluzole can ameliorate harmaline-induced tremor in rats.

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          Most cited references33

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          How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor.

          Elan Louis, Joaquim Ferreira (2010)
          Essential tremor (ET) is among the more prevalent neurological disorders, yet prevalence estimates have varied enormously, making it difficult to establish prevalence with precision. We: (1) reviewed the worldwide prevalence of ET in population-based epidemiological studies, (2) derived as precisely as possible an estimate of disease prevalence, and (3) examined trends and important differences across studies. We identified 28 population-based prevalence studies (19 countries). In a meta-analysis, pooled prevalence (all ages) = 0.9%, with statistically significant heterogeneity across studies (I(2) = 99%, P or= 65 years) = 4.6%, and in additional descriptive analyses, median crude prevalence (age >or= 60-65) = 6.3%. In one study of those age >or= 95 years, crude prevalence = 21.7%. Several studies reported ethnic differences in prevalence, although more studies are needed. Greater than one-third of studies show a gender difference, with most demonstrating a higher prevalence among men. This possible gender preference is interesting given clinical, epidemiological, and pathological associations between ET and Parkinson's disease. Precise prevalence estimates such as those we provide are important because they form the numerical basis for planned public health initiatives, provide data on the background occurrence of disease for family studies, and offer clues about the existence of environmental or underlying biological factors of possible mechanistic importance. (c) 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
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            Essential tremor.

            Elan Louis (2005)
            Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurological diseases; although it is a disease about which we are only beginning to develop an understanding. Effective treatment options for the disorder are severely limited. The traditional view of ET as a benign, familial, monosymptomatic disorder is being replaced by one of ET as a disease or family of diseases with aetiological, clinical, and pathological heterogeneity. Recent identification of putative environmental toxins linked to ET provide hope for disease prevention through a reduction in exposure to risk factors. Pathological and genetic studies will yield new insights into disease pathogenesis and mechanisms, which may result in the development of more effective symptomatic therapies developed with an understanding of the disease biology. These insights also have the potential to form the basis for neuroprotective therapies.
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              Animal models of tremor.

              Hendrik Wilms, Jobst Sievers, G�nther Deuschl (1999)
              Animal models of tremor have been widely used in experimental neurology, because they are an indispensable requirement for understanding the pathophysiology of human tremor disorders and the development of new therapeutic agents. This review focuses on three approaches to produce tremor in animals (application of tremorgenic drugs, experimental central nervous system lesions, study of genetic mutants) and their use in simulating tremor syndromes of humans. Whereas harmaline induces a postural/kinetic tremor in animals that shares some features with human essential tremor/enhanced physiological tremor, MPTP tremor is the best model available for rest tremor in people. The tremor following experimental lesion of the ventromedial tegmentum in primates closely resembles Holmes tremor in humans, whereas cerebellar intention tremor is mimicked by cooling of the lateral cerebellar nuclei. The "campus syndrome," discovered in a breed of Pietrain pigs, might be a useful model of human orthostatic tremor. However, no animal model has yet been generated that exactly recreates all features of any of the known tremor disorders in humans. Problems encountered when comparing tremor in animals and humans include differing tremor frequencies and the uncertainty, if specific transmitter abnormalities/central nervous system lesions seen in animal tremor models are characteristic for their human counterparts. The search for adequate tremor models continues.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Basic Clin Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Basic Clin Neurosci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BCN
                Title: Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
                Publisher: Iranian Neuroscience Society
                ISSN (Print): 2008-126X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2228-7442
                Publication date (Print): Spring 2014
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 138-143
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan,Iran
                [2 ]Institute of Biological Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding Author: Iran Goudarzi, PhD, Faculty of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran. Tel/Fax: +98(232)5247146. E-mail: irangoudarzi@ 123456du.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: BCN-5-138
                PMC ID: 4202586
                SO-VID: 8b33a4ee-db3d-488f-9e30-6285d7df420b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Iranian Neuroscience Society
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.

                History
                Date received : 25 February 2013
                Date revision received : 25 April 2013
                Date accepted : 10 July 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Research Papers

                Keywords: harmaline,tremor,riluzole,rat
                Data availability:
                Keywords: harmaline, tremor, riluzole, rat

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