A implicação da família no uso abusivo de drogas: uma revisão crítica

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Abstract

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre a relação entre adolescência, família e uso abusivo de drogas. Discorre sobre a importância da inserção do sintoma drogadicção no contexto familiar e sociocultural para o entendimento de sua complexidade. A família é vista como uma das fontes de socialização primária do adolescente, juntamente com a escola e o grupo de amigos. As práticas educativas e os estilos de criação da família, com seus três diferentes tipos de controle parental, são ressaltados porque podem facilitar, ou não, o uso abusivo de drogas. Os resultados das pesquisas apontam para a importância de se engajar a família no tratamento do adicto e alguns estudos ampliam o foco para engajar contextos sociais múltiplos - família, amigos, escola, comunidade e sistema legal - no tratamento do adolescente que faz uso abusivo de drogas.

Translated abstract

This article presents a critical review of the litterature about the relationship between adolescence, family and drug abusive use. Discusses the importance of inserting the drugaddiction symptom in the familiar and sociocultural context for the understanding of its complexity. Family, school and peers are seen as the adolescent primary socialization sources. Family educational practices and parenting styles, with its three different types of parental control, are emphasized because they can either facilitate, or not, drug abusive use. The researches results point to the importance of engaging the family in the addict treatment and some studies enlarge the focus to engage multiple social contexts - family, friends, school, community and legal system - in the drug abusive adolescent treatment. The results of the researchs point to the family educational practices and parenting styles that either facilitates, or not, drug abusive use, emphasizing the need to engage the family in the addict treatment.

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Most cited references 53

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Familial transmission of substance use disorders.

H. Zhang, B M Fenton, M. Preisig … (1998)

There is increasing evidence that substance use disorders are familial and that genetic factors explain a substantial degree of their familial aggregation. To perform a controlled family study of probands with several different predominant drugs of abuse, including opioids, cocaine, cannabis, and/or alcohol. The subjects for the present study included 231 probands with dependence on opioids, cocaine, cannabis, and/or alcohol and 61 control probands, and their 1267 adult first-degree relatives. Diagnostic estimates were based on semistructured diagnostic interviews and/or structured family history interviews regarding each proband, spouse, and adult first-degree relative. The interview data were reviewed blindly and independently by clinicians with extensive experience in the evaluation and treatment of substance use disorders. There was an 8-fold increased risk of drug disorders among the relatives of probands with drug disorders across a wide range of specific substances, including opioids, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol, which is largely independent from the familial aggregation of both alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. There was also evidence of specificity of familial aggregation of the predominant drug of abuse. Elevation in risk of this magnitude places a family history of drug disorder as one of the most potent risk factors for the development of drug disorders. These results suggest that there may be risk factors that are specific to particular classes of drugs as well as risk factors that underlie substance disorders in general.