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      Entanglement rates and haulout abundance trends of Steller ( Eumetopias jubatus) and California ( Zalophus californianus) sea lions on the north coast of Washington state

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          Abstract

          Entanglements affect marine mammal species around the globe, and for some, those impacts are great enough to cause population declines. This study aimed to document rates and causes of entanglement and trends in local haulout abundance for Steller and California sea lions on the north coast of Washington from 2010–2018. We conducted small boat surveys to count sea lions and document entangled individuals. Rates of entanglement and entangling material occurrence were compared with records of stranded individuals on the Washington and Oregon coast and with packing bands recorded during beach debris surveys. The rate of entanglement for California sea lions was 2.13%, almost entirely composed of adult males, with a peak rate during June and July potentially due to some entangled individuals not migrating to their breeding grounds. For Steller sea lions, the rate of entanglement was 0.41%, composed of 77% adults (32.4% male, 63.3% female), 17.1% juveniles, 5.9% unknown age, and no pups. Steller sea lions exhibited a 7.9% ± 3.2 rate of increase in abundance at the study haulouts, which was similar to that seen in California sea lions (7.8% ± 4.2); both increases were greater than the population growth rates observed range-wide despite high rates of entanglement. Most entanglements for both species were classified as packing bands, followed by entanglement scars. Salmon flashers were also prevalent and only occurred from June–September during the local ocean salmon troll fishery. Packing band occurrence in beach debris surveys correlated with packing band entanglements observed on haulouts. However, no packing band entanglements were observed in the stranding record and the rate of stranded animals exhibiting evidence of entanglement was lower than expected, indicating that entanglement survival is higher than previously assumed. Future studies tracking individual entanglement outcomes are needed to develop effective, targeted management strategies.

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          The looming crisis: interactions between marine mammals and fisheries

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            Habitat compression and ecosystem shifts as potential links between marine heatwave and record whale entanglements

            Climate change and increased variability and intensity of climate events, in combination with recovering protected species populations and highly capitalized fisheries, are posing new challenges for fisheries management. We examine socio-ecological features of the unprecedented 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heatwave to understand the potential causes for record numbers of whale entanglements in the central California Current crab fishery. We observed habitat compression of coastal upwelling, changes in availability of forage species (krill and anchovy), and shoreward distribution shift of foraging whales. We propose that these ecosystem changes, combined with recovering whale populations, contributed to the exacerbation of entanglements throughout the marine heatwave. In 2016, domoic acid contamination prompted an unprecedented delay in the opening of California’s Dungeness crab fishery that inadvertently intensified the spatial overlap between whales and crab fishery gear. We present a retroactive assessment of entanglements to demonstrate that cooperation of fishers, resource managers, and scientists could mitigate future entanglement risk by developing climate-ready fisheries approaches, while supporting thriving fishing communities.
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              Satellite sea surface temperatures along the West Coast of the United States during the 2014-2016 northeast Pacific marine heat wave

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Project administrationRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                25 August 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 8
                : e0237178
                Affiliations
                [001]Marine Mammal Program, Makah Fisheries Management, Makah Tribe, Neah Bay, Washington, United States of America
                NOAA Fisheries, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7773-0277
                Article
                PONE-D-20-11389
                10.1371/journal.pone.0237178
                7447031
                32841298
                81a4fa53-3c58-4b10-aca0-594d423f85e1
                © 2020 Allyn, Scordino

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 April 2020
                : 21 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 3, Pages: 21
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013408, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;
                Award ID: NA10NMF4720372
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013408, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;
                Award ID: NA13NMF4720121
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013408, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;
                Award ID: NA16NMF4720059
                Award Recipient :
                EMA and JJS both work for the Makah Fisheries Management Department of the Makah Tribe. Funding for this project was provided by the Species Recovery Grant to Tribes that is administered by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NA10NMF4720372, NA13NMF4720121, NA16NMF4720059). Award NA16NMF4720059 funded analysis and writing of the manuscript. EMA and JJS also receive funding from the Bonneville Power Administration Tribal Capacity Building Grant (82213, DIT-7), the National Science Foundation through a subaward granted to the University of Chicago (1851489/AWD100060 (SUB0000043)), and the John H. Prescott Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance Grant administered by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NA10NMF4390242, NA16NMF4390349, NA09NMF4390198). Author JJS has also received funding support through the Saltonstall-Kennedy Grant Program (NA16NMF4270250), the Bycatch Reduction Engineering Program (NA14NMF4720323), the Preserve America Grant (NFFP7410-12-03544), and a NOAA Cooperative Research Grant (NA12NMF4720174) which are all administered by the National Marine Fisheries Service; the Bureau of Indian Affairs (A20AP00138, CTP06T10815); Washington SeaGrant (UWSC10428, UWSC11759); and the North Pacific Coast Marine Resource Committee (No award numbers). Funders played no role in the development, implementation, or analysis of the work completed for this manuscript.
                Categories
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                Biology and Life Sciences
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                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Marine Mammals
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
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                Marine Biology
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                Custom metadata
                All data underlying the results presented in the study are available from Mendeley Data (DOI: 10.17632/447sm2rwrk.1).

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