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      Weed-insect pollinator networks as bio-indicators of ecological sustainability in agriculture. A review

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          Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties.

          Expansion and intensification of cultivation are among the predominant global changes of this century. Intensification of agriculture by use of high-yielding crop varieties, fertilization,irrigation, and pesticides has contributed substantially to the tremendous increases in food production over the past 50 years. Land conversion and intensification,however, also alter the biotic interactions and patterns of resource availability in ecosystems and can have serious local, regional, and global environmental consequences.The use of ecologically based management strategies can increase the sustainability of agricultural production while reducing off-site consequences.
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            How effective are European agri-environment schemes in conserving and promoting biodiversity?

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              Loss of functional diversity under land use intensification across multiple taxa.

              Land use intensification can greatly reduce species richness and ecosystem functioning. However, species richness determines ecosystem functioning through the diversity and values of traits of species present. Here, we analyze changes in species richness and functional diversity (FD) at varying agricultural land use intensity levels. We test hypotheses of FD responses to land use intensification in plant, bird, and mammal communities using trait data compiled for 1600+ species. To isolate changes in FD from changes in species richness we compare the FD of communities to the null expectations of FD values. In over one-quarter of the bird and mammal communities impacted by agriculture, declines in FD were steeper than predicted by species number. In plant communities, changes in FD were indistinguishable from changes in species richness. Land use intensification can reduce the functional diversity of animal communities beyond changes in species richness alone, potentially imperiling provisioning of ecosystem services.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Agronomy for Sustainable Development
                Agron. Sustain. Dev.
                Springer Nature
                1774-0746
                1773-0155
                March 2016
                January 2016
                : 36
                : 1
                Article
                10.1007/s13593-015-0342-x
                dba30f41-ba4d-410d-b707-eaa42be6759e
                © 2016
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