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      Heavy-element production in a compact object merger observed by JWST

      research-article
      1 , 2 , , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 1 , 17 , 18 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 5 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 16 , 2 , 23 , 17 , 18 , 17 , 18 , 24 , 25 , 16 , 20 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 17 , 18 , 1 , 17 , 18 , 13 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 1 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 27 , 28 , 45 , 46 , 27 , 28 , 47 , 48 , 45 , 44 , 47 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 33 , 45 , 17 , 18 , 51 , 29 , 52 , 53 , 24 , 5 , 1 , 5 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 24 , 39 , 40 , 24 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 24 , 33 , 13 , 60 , 40 , 61 , 62 , 24 , 2 , 63 , 16 , 24 , 2 , 24 , 64 , 5 , 2 , 40 , 5 , 65 , 66 , 67
      Nature
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      High-energy astrophysics, Compact astrophysical objects

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          Abstract

          The mergers of binary compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes are of central interest to several areas of astrophysics, including as the progenitors of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) 1 , sources of high-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) 2 and likely production sites for heavy-element nucleosynthesis by means of rapid neutron capture (the r-process) 3 . Here we present observations of the exceptionally bright GRB 230307A. We show that GRB 230307A belongs to the class of long-duration GRBs associated with compact object mergers 46 and contains a kilonova similar to AT2017gfo, associated with the GW merger GW170817 (refs.  712 ). We obtained James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy 29 and 61 days after the burst. The spectroscopy shows an emission line at 2.15 microns, which we interpret as tellurium (atomic mass A = 130) and a very red source, emitting most of its light in the mid-infrared owing to the production of lanthanides. These observations demonstrate that nucleosynthesis in GRBs can create r-process elements across a broad atomic mass range and play a central role in heavy-element nucleosynthesis across the Universe.

          Abstract

          Observations from the JWST of the second brightest GRB ever detected, GRB 230307A, indicate that it belongs to the class of long-duration GRBs resulting from compact object mergers, with the decay of lanthanides powering the longlasting optical and infrared emission.

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          Most cited references62

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          Planck 2018 results: VI. Cosmological parameters

          We present cosmological parameter results from the final full-mission Planck measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies, combining information from the temperature and polarization maps and the lensing reconstruction. Compared to the 2015 results, improved measurements of large-scale polarization allow the reionization optical depth to be measured with higher precision, leading to significant gains in the precision of other correlated parameters. Improved modelling of the small-scale polarization leads to more robust constraints on many parameters, with residual modelling uncertainties estimated to affect them only at the 0.5 σ level. We find good consistency with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter ΛCDM cosmology having a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted “base ΛCDM” in this paper), from polarization, temperature, and lensing, separately and in combination. A combined analysis gives dark matter density Ω c h 2 = 0.120 ± 0.001, baryon density Ω b h 2 = 0.0224 ± 0.0001, scalar spectral index n s = 0.965 ± 0.004, and optical depth τ = 0.054 ± 0.007 (in this abstract we quote 68% confidence regions on measured parameters and 95% on upper limits). The angular acoustic scale is measured to 0.03% precision, with 100 θ * = 1.0411 ± 0.0003. These results are only weakly dependent on the cosmological model and remain stable, with somewhat increased errors, in many commonly considered extensions. Assuming the base-ΛCDM cosmology, the inferred (model-dependent) late-Universe parameters are: Hubble constant H 0 = (67.4 ± 0.5) km s −1 Mpc −1 ; matter density parameter Ω m = 0.315 ± 0.007; and matter fluctuation amplitude σ 8 = 0.811 ± 0.006. We find no compelling evidence for extensions to the base-ΛCDM model. Combining with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements (and considering single-parameter extensions) we constrain the effective extra relativistic degrees of freedom to be N eff = 2.99 ± 0.17, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction N eff = 3.046, and find that the neutrino mass is tightly constrained to ∑ m ν < 0.12 eV. The CMB spectra continue to prefer higher lensing amplitudes than predicted in base ΛCDM at over 2 σ , which pulls some parameters that affect the lensing amplitude away from the ΛCDM model; however, this is not supported by the lensing reconstruction or (in models that also change the background geometry) BAO data. The joint constraint with BAO measurements on spatial curvature is consistent with a flat universe, Ω K = 0.001 ± 0.002. Also combining with Type Ia supernovae (SNe), the dark-energy equation of state parameter is measured to be w 0 = −1.03 ± 0.03, consistent with a cosmological constant. We find no evidence for deviations from a purely power-law primordial spectrum, and combining with data from BAO, BICEP2, and Keck Array data, we place a limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r 0.002 < 0.06. Standard big-bang nucleosynthesis predictions for the helium and deuterium abundances for the base-ΛCDM cosmology are in excellent agreement with observations. The Planck base-ΛCDM results are in good agreement with BAO, SNe, and some galaxy lensing observations, but in slight tension with the Dark Energy Survey’s combined-probe results including galaxy clustering (which prefers lower fluctuation amplitudes or matter density parameters), and in significant, 3.6 σ , tension with local measurements of the Hubble constant (which prefer a higher value). Simple model extensions that can partially resolve these tensions are not favoured by the Planck data.
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            GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral

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              Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                a.levan@astro.ru.nl
                Journal
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                0028-0836
                1476-4687
                25 October 2023
                25 October 2023
                2024
                : 626
                : 8000
                : 737-741
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, ( https://ror.org/016xsfp80) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Department of Physics, University of Warwick, ( https://ror.org/01a77tt86) Coventry, UK
                [3 ]Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham, ( https://ror.org/03angcq70) Birmingham, UK
                [4 ]School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, ( https://ror.org/03angcq70) Birmingham, UK
                [5 ]INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, ( https://ror.org/02kx1hs47) Merate, Italy
                [6 ]INFN - Sezione di Milano Bicocca, ( https://ror.org/03xejxm22) Milano, Italy
                [7 ]Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, ( https://ror.org/041zkgm14) Ferrara, Italy
                [8 ]INFN - Sezione di Ferrara, ( https://ror.org/00zs3y046) Ferrara, Italy
                [9 ]INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, ( https://ror.org/02ttb5s67) Teramo, Italy
                [10 ]Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, ( https://ror.org/05ect4e57) Baton Rouge, LA USA
                [11 ]Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, ( https://ror.org/057zh3y96) Bunkyo, Japan
                [12 ]Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, ( https://ror.org/057zh3y96) Chiba, Japan
                [13 ]DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, ( https://ror.org/035b05819) Copenhagen N, Denmark
                [14 ]INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, ( https://ror.org/02fwden70) Naples, Italy
                [15 ]Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, ( https://ror.org/04zfme737) Liverpool, UK
                [16 ]School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, ( https://ror.org/04h699437) Leicester, UK
                [17 ]GRID grid.5254.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0674 042X, Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), ; Copenhagen, Denmark
                [18 ]Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, ( https://ror.org/035b05819) Copenhagen N, Denmark
                [19 ]European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), ( https://ror.org/00kw1sm04) Madrid, Spain
                [20 ]Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ( https://ror.org/042nb2s44) Cambridge, MA USA
                [21 ]GRID grid.10548.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9377, Nordita, , Stockholm University and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, ; Stockholm, Sweden
                [22 ]GRID grid.10548.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9377, The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, , Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, ; Stockholm, Sweden
                [23 ]GRID grid.1032.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0375 4078, International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, , Curtin University, ; Perth, Western Australia Australia
                [24 ]Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, ( https://ror.org/05krs5044) Sheffield, UK
                [25 ]Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, ( https://ror.org/03cmntr54) Tenerife, Spain
                [26 ]GRID grid.264784.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2186 7496, Department of Physics & Astronomy, , Texas Tech University, ; Lubbock, TX USA
                [27 ]Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics, Northwestern University, ( https://ror.org/000e0be47) Evanston, IL USA
                [28 ]Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, ( https://ror.org/000e0be47) Evanston, IL USA
                [29 ]Space Telescope Science Institute, ( https://ror.org/036f5mx38) Baltimore, MD USA
                [30 ]Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, ( https://ror.org/01e41cf67) Los Alamos, NM USA
                [31 ]Department of Astronomy, The University of Arizona, ( https://ror.org/03m2x1q45) Tucson, AZ USA
                [32 ]GRID grid.266832.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2188 8502, Department of Physics and Astronomy, , The University of New Mexico, ; Albuquerque, NM USA
                [33 ]Department of Physics, The George Washington University, ( https://ror.org/00y4zzh67) Washington, DC USA
                [34 ]Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, ( https://ror.org/04p491231) University Park, PA USA
                [35 ]School of Physics, University College Cork, ( https://ror.org/03265fv13) Cork, Ireland
                [36 ]Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, ( https://ror.org/027m9bs27) Manchester, UK
                [37 ]Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah, ( https://ror.org/03r0ha626) Salt Lake City, UT USA
                [38 ]DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, ( https://ror.org/04qtj9h94) Lyngby, Denmark
                [39 ]School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, ( https://ror.org/02bfwt286) Clayton, Victoria Australia
                [40 ]GRID grid.1002.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7857, ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), , Monash University, ; Clayton, Victoria Australia
                [41 ]School of Physics and Centre for Space Research, University College Dublin, ( https://ror.org/05m7pjf47) Dublin, Ireland
                [42 ]Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Columbia University, ( https://ror.org/00hj8s172) New York, NY USA
                [43 ]Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, ( https://ror.org/00sekdz59) New York, NY USA
                [44 ]Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, ( https://ror.org/00hswnk62) Belfast, UK
                [45 ]GRID grid.463868.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0370 8530, GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, ; Meudon, France
                [46 ]Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, ( https://ror.org/04dkp9463) Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [47 ]Department of Physics, University of Oxford, ( https://ror.org/052gg0110) Oxford, UK
                [48 ]INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, ( https://ror.org/00gqsp710) Bologna, Italy
                [49 ]Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, ( https://ror.org/03b94tp07) Auckland, New Zealand
                [50 ]Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, ( https://ror.org/03dbr7087) Toronto, Ontario Canada
                [51 ]NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, ( https://ror.org/0171mag52) Greenbelt, MD USA
                [52 ]Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, ( https://ror.org/013meh722) Cambridge, UK
                [53 ]Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, ( https://ror.org/02jx3x895) Holmbury St. Mary, UK
                [54 ]GRID grid.423784.e, ISNI 0000 0000 9801 3133, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Space Science Data Center (SSDC), ; Rome, Italy
                [55 ]INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, ( https://ror.org/02hnp4676) Rome, Italy
                [56 ]Department of Mathematics, Physics, Informatics and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Papardo, ( https://ror.org/05ctdxz19) Messina, Italy
                [57 ]School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, ( https://ror.org/04mhzgx49) Tel Aviv, Israel
                [58 ]Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, ( https://ror.org/037s24f05) Clemson, SC USA
                [59 ]Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, ( https://ror.org/01db6h964) Reykjavik, Iceland
                [60 ]CEA, IRFU, DAp, AIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
                [61 ]Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, ( https://ror.org/0384j8v12) Sydney, New South Wales Australia
                [62 ]CSIRO Space and Astronomy, Epping, New South Wales Australia
                [63 ]Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, ( https://ror.org/054tmk179) Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain
                [64 ]GRID grid.450005.4, ISNI 0000 0004 4909 8125, INAF IASF-Milano, ; Milano, Italy
                [65 ]Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ( https://ror.org/03tp8z347) Ondřejov, Czechia
                [66 ]GRID grid.460782.f, ISNI 0000 0004 4910 6551, Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, , Université Côte d’Azur, ; Nice, France
                [67 ]Hessian Research Cluster ELEMENTS, Giersch Science Center (GSC), Goethe University Frankfurt, Campus Riedberg, ( https://ror.org/04cvxnb49) Frankfurt am Main, Germany
                Author information
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                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5169-4143
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7517-326X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9309-7873
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3937-0618
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4876-7756
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-1889
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-6336
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-005X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-7547
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4236-9642
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6652-9279
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2624-0056
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-8298
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3855-707X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9389-7413
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-2306
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                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-2338
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-0756
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6134-8946
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                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4036-7419
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3665-5482
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6558-5121
                http://orcid.org/0009-0007-5535-3312
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-4801
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                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-4746
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7978-7648
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-5085
                Article
                6759
                10.1038/s41586-023-06759-1
                10881391
                37879361
                4b4d2a15-c4cf-427f-9d1d-f5b32b8d8316
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 3 July 2023
                : 17 October 2023
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                high-energy astrophysics,compact astrophysical objects
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                high-energy astrophysics, compact astrophysical objects

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