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      The paradigm shift for educational system continuance in the advent of COVID-19 pandemic: Mental health challenges and reflections

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          Highlights

          • The data presents a substantial benchmark for comparing the effects of the COVID-19 and education provision in Pakistan.

          • Preventive measures, social distancing, and institutions closure made digital solutions to the primary educational activities method.

          • The study looks into the dynamics of receiving education system changes, from delivery methods to new digital solution models.

          • The model shows the challenges, obstacles, and success parameters of Pakistan's online learning management system.

          • The private sector stepped forward to maintain continuity of learning and education provision at all levels of education.

          Abstract

          Background

          The coronavirus pandemic appeared as the worst global health disaster of the century. Since the advent of the Second world war-2, humankind has experienced the most challenging health emergencies. The novel respiratory disease (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan at the end of December 2019.

          Aim

          The study focuses on providing education through the educational system with a mode of delivery using digital solutions with a new paradigm method.

          Method

          This research incorporates the statistical data related to the Pakistani Ministry of Health's coronavirus epidemic to draw the results.

          Results

          WHO reported more than 51.949 million confirmed COVID-19 patients in more than 200 territories and countries. This epidemic caused more than 1.282 million deaths; however, more than 36.49 million people have recovered from the infection of the deadly disease COVID-19, as of November 11, 2020. The COVID-19 has put forward unique challenges in personal and social life spheres. The precautionary measures, including social distancing, called for abrupt closure of educational institutions, leaving the digital solutions as the primary mean of continuity in educational activities.

          Conclusion

          The current review looks into the dynamics of embracing the change in the educational system, ranging from delivery mode to shifting to a new paradigm moving to digital solutions. This study looks into the challenges, issues, barriers, and success parameters of Pakistan's online learning management system. From the preparedness phase to the actual implementation of the learning system at higher education, the level is noteworthy. The private sector has provided higher, secondary, and primary levels; the private sector came forward to maintain learning continuity. The review suggests a way forward ahead for the educational system's continuity and sustainability in the coronavirus pandemic and educational institutions' crises.

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          Most cited references34

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          Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges

          Highlights • Emergence of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China has caused a large global outbreak and major public health issue. • At 9 February 2020, data from the WHO has shown >37 000 confirmed cases in 28 countries (>99% of cases detected in China). • 2019-nCoV is spread by human-to-human transmission via droplets or direct contact. • Infection estimated to have an incubation period of 2–14 days and a basic reproduction number of 2.24–3.58. • Controlling infection to prevent spread of the 2019-nCoV is the primary intervention being used.
            Bookmark
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            • Article: found

            COVID-19 and African Americans

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              • Article: not found

              The effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China: a modelling study

              Summary Background In December, 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus, emerged in Wuhan, China. Since then, the city of Wuhan has taken unprecedented measures in response to the outbreak, including extended school and workplace closures. We aimed to estimate the effects of physical distancing measures on the progression of the COVID-19 epidemic, hoping to provide some insights for the rest of the world. Methods To examine how changes in population mixing have affected outbreak progression in Wuhan, we used synthetic location-specific contact patterns in Wuhan and adapted these in the presence of school closures, extended workplace closures, and a reduction in mixing in the general community. Using these matrices and the latest estimates of the epidemiological parameters of the Wuhan outbreak, we simulated the ongoing trajectory of an outbreak in Wuhan using an age-structured susceptible-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR) model for several physical distancing measures. We fitted the latest estimates of epidemic parameters from a transmission model to data on local and internationally exported cases from Wuhan in an age-structured epidemic framework and investigated the age distribution of cases. We also simulated lifting of the control measures by allowing people to return to work in a phased-in way and looked at the effects of returning to work at different stages of the underlying outbreak (at the beginning of March or April). Findings Our projections show that physical distancing measures were most effective if the staggered return to work was at the beginning of April; this reduced the median number of infections by more than 92% (IQR 66–97) and 24% (13–90) in mid-2020 and end-2020, respectively. There are benefits to sustaining these measures until April in terms of delaying and reducing the height of the peak, median epidemic size at end-2020, and affording health-care systems more time to expand and respond. However, the modelled effects of physical distancing measures vary by the duration of infectiousness and the role school children have in the epidemic. Interpretation Restrictions on activities in Wuhan, if maintained until April, would probably help to delay the epidemic peak. Our projections suggest that premature and sudden lifting of interventions could lead to an earlier secondary peak, which could be flattened by relaxing the interventions gradually. However, there are limitations to our analysis, including large uncertainties around estimates of R 0 and the duration of infectiousness. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institute for Health Research, Wellcome Trust, and Health Data Research UK.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Current Research in Behavioral Sciences
                The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
                2666-5182
                2666-5182
                29 December 2020
                November 2021
                29 December 2020
                : 2
                : 100011
                Affiliations
                [a ]Head of the Department of Behavioral Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Old Presidency Rawalpindi, 46000 Pakistan
                [b ]Antai College of Economics and Management (ACM), School of Media and Communication (SMC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, 200240 Shanghai, China
                [c ]Director of Gazail Mental Health Services, Ltd. Surrey, United Kingdom
                [d ]School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Nangang District, 150001 Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Antai College of Economics and Management (ACEM), & School of Media and Communication (SMC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, CHINA.
                Article
                S2666-5182(20)30011-5 100011
                10.1016/j.crbeha.2020.100011
                7832654
                2cae0d9f-e168-4101-9e9a-fa998897e03b
                © 2020 The Authors

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 11 November 2020
                : 9 December 2020
                : 15 December 2020
                Categories
                Article

                higher education,covid-19,e-learning,social distancing,social challenge

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