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      Contact Toxicity and Repellency of the Main Components From the Essential Oil of Clausena anisum-olens Against Two Stored Product Insects

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          Abstract

          The essential oil of Clausena anisum-olens (Blanco) Merr. showed strong contact toxicity and repellency against Lasioderma serricorne and Liposcelis bostrychophila adults. The components of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was found that the main components were myristicin (36.87%), terpinolene (13.26%), p-cymene-8-ol (12.38%), and 3-carene (3.88%). Myristicin and p-cymene-8-ol were separated by silica gel column chromatography, and their molecular structures were confirmed by means of physicochemical and spectrometric analysis. Myristicin and p-cymene-8-ol showed strong contact toxicity against L. serricorne (LD 50 = 18.96 and 39.68 μg per adult) and Li. bostrychophila (LD 50 = 20.41 and 35.66 μg per adult). The essential oil acting against the two grain storage insects showed LD 50 values of 12.44 and 74.46 μg per adult, respectively. Myristicin and p-cymene-8-ol have strong repellent toxicity to Li. bostrychophila.

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          Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world.

          Murray Isman (2006)
          Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
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            Repellent constituents of essential oil of Cymbopogon distans aerial parts against two stored-product insects.

            Jing Zhang, Na Zhao, Qi Liu … (2011)
            The screening for bioactive principles from several Chinese medicinal herbs showed that the essential oil of Cymbopogon distans aerial parts possessed strong repellency against the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila , and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum . A total of 36 components of the essential oil were identified by GC and GC-MS. trans-Geraniol (16.54%), (R)-citronellal (15.44%), (+)-citronellol (11.51%), and α-elemol (9.06%) were the main components of the essential oil followed by β-eudesmol (5.71%) and (+)-limonene (5.05%). From the essential oil, four monoterpenes were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation. The compounds were identified as limonene, citronellol, citronellal, and trans-geraniol. Geraniol and citronellol were strongly repellent against the booklouse, L. bostrychophila, whereas citronellal and limonene exhibited weak repellency against the booklouse. Geraniol and citronellol exhibited comparable repellency against the booklouse relative to the positive control, DEET. Moreover, geraniol and citronellol exhibited stronger repellency against the red flour beetle than DEET, whereas the two other compounds showed the same level of repellency against the red flour beetle compared with DEET.
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              Identification of Repellent and Insecticidal Constituents of the Essential Oil of Artemisia rupestris L. Aerial Parts against Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel

              Xin Chao Liu, Yin Li, He Li … (2013)
              The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition and insecticidal and repellent activity of the essential oil of Artemisia rupestris L. aerial parts against the booklice Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and isolation of insecticidal and repellent constituents from the essential oil. The essential oil of A. rupestris was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 30 components of the essential oil of A. rupestris was identified and the principal compounds in the essential oil were α-terpinyl acetate (37.18%), spathulenol (10.65%), α-terpineol (10.09%), and linalool (7.56%), followed by 4-terpineol (3.92%) and patchoulol (3.05%). Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, the four active constituents were isolated from the essential oil and identified as α-terpineol, α-terpinyl acetate, 4-terpineol and linalool. The essential oil of A. rupestris exhibited contact toxicity against L. bostrychophila with LD50 value of 414.48 µg/cm2. α-Terpinyl acetate (LD50 = 92.59 µg/cm2) exhibited stronger contact toxicity against booklice than α-terpineol (LD50 = 140.30 µg/cm2), 4-terpineol (LD50 = 211.35 µg/cm2), and linalool (LD50 = 393.16 µg/cm2). The essential oil of A. rupestris (LC50 = 6.67 mg/L air) also possessed fumigant toxicity against L. bostrychophila while the four constituents, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, α-terpinyl acetate and linalool had LC50 values of 0.34, 1.12, 1.26 and 1.96 mg/L air, respectively. α-Terpinol and α-terpinyl acetate showed strong repellency against L. bostrychophila, while linalool and 4-terpinol exhibited weak repellency. The results indicate that the essential oil of A. rupestris aerial parts and its constituent compounds have potential for development into natural insecticides or fumigants as well as repellents for control of insects in stored grains.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Insect Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Insect Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jis
                Journal ID (hwp): jis
                Title: Journal of Insect Science
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1536-2442
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 July 2015
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 87
                Affiliations
                1Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Beijing Normal University, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
                2College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
                3Department of Pharmacy General Hospital of Second Artillery, PLA, Haidian District, Beijing 100088, China
                4Analytical and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
                Author notes
                5Corresponding author, e-mail: dushushan@ 123456bnu.edu.cn

                Subject Editor : Christos Athanassiou

                Article
                Publisher ID: iev071
                DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev071
                PMC ID: 4535587
                PubMed ID: 26136499
                SO-VID: 2fe4a127-5e31-4a94-b678-2530b5b62cab
                Copyright © © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 19 March 2015
                Date accepted : 14 June 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Entomology
                Keywords: clausena anisum-olens,contact toxicity,repellency,lasioderma serricorne,liposcelis bostrychophila
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Entomology
                Keywords: clausena anisum-olens, contact toxicity, repellency, lasioderma serricorne, liposcelis bostrychophila

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