Ultra-High Areal Capacity Realized in Three-Dimensional Holey Graphene/SnO2 Composite Anodes

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Abstract

Summary Nanostructured alloy-type electrode materials and its composites have shown extraordinary promise for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with exceptional gravimetric capacity. However, studies to date are usually limited to laboratory cells with too low mass loading (and thus too low areal capacity) to exert significant practical impact. Herein, by impregnating micrometer-sized SnO2/graphene composites into 3D holey graphene frameworks (HGF), we show that a well-designed 3D-HGF/SnO2 composite anode with a high mass loading of 12 mg cm−2 can deliver an ultra-high areal capacity up to 14.5 mAh cm−2 under current density of 0.2 mA cm−2 and stable areal capacity of 9.5 mAh cm−2 under current density of 2.4 mA cm−2, considerably outperforming those in the state-of-art research devices or commercial devices. This robust realization of high areal capacity defines a critical step to capturing the full potential of high-capacity alloy-type electrode materials in practical LIBs.

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Stable cycling of double-walled silicon nanotube battery anodes through solid-electrolyte interphase control.

Hui Wu, Gerentt Chan, Jang Choi … (2012)

Although the performance of lithium ion-batteries continues to improve, their energy density and cycle life remain insufficient for applications in consumer electronics, transport and large-scale renewable energy storage. Silicon has a large charge storage capacity and this makes it an attractive anode material, but pulverization during cycling and an unstable solid-electrolyte interphase has limited the cycle life of silicon anodes to hundreds of cycles. Here, we show that anodes consisting of an active silicon nanotube surrounded by an ion-permeable silicon oxide shell can cycle over 6,000 times in half cells while retaining more than 85% of their initial capacity. The outer surface of the silicon nanotube is prevented from expansion by the oxide shell, and the expanding inner surface is not exposed to the electrolyte, resulting in a stable solid-electrolyte interphase. Batteries containing these double-walled silicon nanotube anodes exhibit charge capacities approximately eight times larger than conventional carbon anodes and charging rates of up to 20C (a rate of 1C corresponds to complete charge or discharge in one hour).

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Multidimensional materials and device architectures for future hybrid energy storage

Maria R. Lukatskaya, Bruce Dunn, Yury Gogotsi (2016)

Electrical energy storage plays a vital role in daily life due to our dependence on numerous portable electronic devices. Moreover, with the continued miniaturization of electronics, integration of wireless devices into our homes and clothes and the widely anticipated ‘Internet of Things', there are intensive efforts to develop miniature yet powerful electrical energy storage devices. This review addresses the cutting edge of electrical energy storage technology, outlining approaches to overcome current limitations and providing future research directions towards the next generation of electrical energy storage devices whose characteristics represent a true hybridization of batteries and electrochemical capacitors.