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      Diffuse decreased gray matter in patients with idiopathic craniocervical dystonia: a voxel-based morphometry study.

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          Abstract

          Recent studies have addressed the role of structures other than the basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of craniocervical dystonia (CCD). Neuroimaging studies have attempted to identify structural abnormalities in CCD but a clear pattern of alteration has not been established. We performed whole-brain evaluation using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to identify patterns of gray matter (GM) changes in CCD.

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          Most cited references35

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          Three Systems of Insular Functional Connectivity Identified with Cluster Analysis

          Despite much research on the function of the insular cortex, few studies have investigated functional subdivisions of the insula in humans. The present study used resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to parcellate the human insular lobe based on clustering of functional connectivity patterns. Connectivity maps were computed for each voxel in the insula based on resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data and segregated using cluster analysis. We identified 3 insular subregions with distinct patterns of connectivity: a posterior region, functionally connected with primary and secondary somatomotor cortices; a dorsal anterior to middle region, connected with dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, along with other regions of a previously described control network; and a ventral anterior region, primarily connected with pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. Applying these regions to a separate task data set, we found that dorsal and ventral anterior insula responded selectively to disgusting images, while posterior insula did not. These results demonstrate that clustering of connectivity patterns can be used to subdivide cerebral cortex into anatomically and functionally meaningful subregions; the insular regions identified here should be useful in future investigations on the function of the insula.
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            Voxel-Based Morphometry of the Human Brain: Methods and Applications

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              Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working memory: a computational model.

              The frontal cortex and the basal ganglia interact via a relatively well understood and elaborate system of interconnections. In the context of motor function, these interconnections can be understood as disinhibiting, or "releasing the brakes," on frontal motor action plans: The basal ganglia detect appropriate contexts for performing motor actions and enable the frontal cortex to execute such actions at the appropriate time. We build on this idea in the domain of working memory through the use of computational neural network models of this circuit. In our model, the frontal cortex exhibits robust active maintenance, whereas the basal ganglia contribute a selective, dynamic gating function that enables frontal memory representations to be rapidly updated in a task-relevant manner. We apply the model to a novel version of the continuous performance task that requires subroutine-like selective working memory updating and compare and contrast our model with other existing models and theories of frontal-cortex-basal-ganglia interactions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Front Neurol
                Frontiers in neurology
                Frontiers Media SA
                1664-2295
                1664-2295
                2014
                : 5
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil.
                [2 ] Department of Neurology, University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil.
                [3 ] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil.
                [4 ] Department of Radiology, University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil.
                [5 ] Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil ; Department of Neurology, University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil.
                Article
                10.3389/fneur.2014.00283
                4288053
                25620953
                d8d4bfea-5027-4200-b7da-405e5dc98460
                History

                cervical dystonia,craniocervical dystonia,gray matter,neuroimaging,segmental dystonia,voxel-based morphometry

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