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      Funcionalidad física como indicador de disponibilidad de hábitat en Islas Marietas, Nayarit, México Translated title: Physical functionality as an indicator of habitat availability in Islas Marietas, Nayarit, Mexico

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Antecedentes. Pocas investigaciones emplean la diversidad funcional y el Índice de Función Arrecifal (IFA) para evaluar el estado de las comunidades arrecifales. Objetivo. Evaluar la funcionalidad física como indicador de disponibilidad de hábitat de peces y su relación con la diversidad funcional. Métodos. La funcionalidad física del arrecife se evaluó mediante el IFA integrando datos de cobertura coralina, complejidad estructural y tasa de calcificación. La estructura de los ensamblajes de peces se analizó mediante el cálculo de índices de diversidad funcional (riqueza, equidad y divergencia) con base en seis atributos funcionales (tamaño corporal, movilidad, periodo de actividad, tipo de agregación, posición en la columna de agua y dieta). La relación entre la diversidad funcional del ensamblaje y el IFA se evaluó mediante un análisis de regresión lineal. Resultados. La Zona de Restauración presentó los valores más altos en el IFA; por el contrario, Túnel Amarradero presentó los valores más bajos. En ambos sitios se observó una mayor presencia de Pocillopora verrucosa. La diversidad funcional presentó los valores más bajos en los tres índices funcionales en la Zona de Restauración. Los análisis de regresión lineal no fueron significativos. Conclusiones. No se encontró una relación lineal entre el IFA y la diversidad funcional, esto puede atribuirse a que en sitios con baja cobertura coralina como Islas Marietas, la diversidad funcional de peces presenta una débil relación con la tridimensionalidad otorgada por los corales. Lo anterior debido a que, en sitios con baja cobertura coralina, otros elementos estructurales (características geológicas y sustratos rocosos) podrían proveer de esas estructuras tridimensionales.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Background. Few investigations use functional diversity and the reef functional index (IFA) to assess the state of reef communities. Objectives. Evaluate physical functionality as an indicator of fish habitat availability and its relationship with functional diversity. Methods. The physical functionality of the reef was evaluated using the IFA, integrating data on coral cover, structural complexity, and calcification rate. The structure of the fish assemblages was analyzed by calculating functional diversity indices (richness, evenness, and divergence) based on six functional traits (body size, mobility, activity period, type of aggregation, position in the water column, and diet). The relationship between functional diversity and IFA was evaluated using linear regression analysis. Results. Área de Restauración showed the highest values in the IFA; on the contrary, Túnel Amarradero presented the lowest values. In both sites, a greater presence of Pocillopora verrucosa was observed. Functional diversity presented the lowest values in the three functional indices in Área de Restauración. Linear regression analyses were not significant. Conclusions. No linear relationship was found between the IFA and functional diversity; this can be attributed to the fact that in sites with low coral cover, such as Islas Marietas, the functional diversity of fish presents a weak relationship with the three-dimensionality provided by corals since in sites with low coral cover, other structural elements (geologic features and rock substrates) could promote these three-dimensional structures.

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          New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology.

          Functional diversity is increasingly identified as an important driver of ecosystem functioning. Various indices have been proposed to measure the functional diversity of a community, but there is still no consensus on which are most suitable. Indeed, none of the existing indices meets all the criteria required for general use. The main criteria are that they must be designed to deal with several traits, take into account abundances, and measure all the facets of functional diversity. Here we propose three indices to quantify each facet of functional diversity for a community with species distributed in a multidimensional functional space: functional richness (volume of the functional space occupied by the community), functional evenness (regularity of the distribution of abundance in this volume), and functional divergence (divergence in the distribution of abundance in this volume). Functional richness is estimated using the existing convex hull volume index. The new functional evenness index is based on the minimum spanning tree which links all the species in the multidimensional functional space. Then this new index quantifies the regularity with which species abundances are distributed along the spanning tree. Functional divergence is measured using a novel index which quantifies how species diverge in their distances (weighted by their abundance) from the center of gravity in the functional space. We show that none of the indices meets all the criteria required for a functional diversity index, but instead we show that the set of three complementary indices meets these criteria. Through simulations of artificial data sets, we demonstrate that functional divergence and functional evenness are independent of species richness and that the three functional diversity indices are independent of each other. Overall, our study suggests that decomposition of functional diversity into its three primary components provides a meaningful framework for its quantification and for the classification of existing functional diversity indices. This decomposition has the potential to shed light on the role of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and on the influence of biotic and abiotic filters on the structure of species communities. Finally, we propose a general framework for applying these three functional diversity indices.
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            A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances.

            Understanding the processes shaping biological communities under multiple disturbances is a core challenge in ecology and conservation science. Traditionally, ecologists have explored linkages between the severity and type of disturbance and the taxonomic structure of communities. Recent advances in the application of species traits, to assess the functional structure of communities, have provided an alternative approach that responds rapidly and consistently across taxa and ecosystems to multiple disturbances. Importantly, trait-based metrics may provide advanced warning of disturbance to ecosystems because they do not need species loss to be reactive. Here, we synthesize empirical evidence and present a theoretical framework, based on species positions in a functional space, as a tool to reveal the complex nature of change in disturbed ecosystems. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Functional over-redundancy and high functional vulnerability in global fish faunas on tropical reefs.

              When tropical systems lose species, they are often assumed to be buffered against declines in functional diversity by the ability of the species-rich biota to display high functional redundancy: i.e., a high number of species performing similar functions. We tested this hypothesis using a ninefold richness gradient in global fish faunas on tropical reefs encompassing 6,316 species distributed among 646 functional entities (FEs): i.e., unique combinations of functional traits. We found that the highest functional redundancy is located in the Central Indo-Pacific with a mean of 7.9 species per FE. However, this overall level of redundancy is disproportionately packed into few FEs, a pattern termed functional over-redundancy (FOR). For instance, the most speciose FE in the Central Indo-Pacific contains 222 species (out of 3,689) whereas 38% of FEs (180 out of 468) have no functional insurance with only one species. Surprisingly, the level of FOR is consistent across the six fish faunas, meaning that, whatever the richness, over a third of the species may still be in overrepresented FEs whereas more than one third of the FEs are left without insurance, these levels all being significantly higher than expected by chance. Thus, our study shows that, even in high-diversity systems, such as tropical reefs, functional diversity remains highly vulnerable to species loss. Although further investigations are needed to specifically address the influence of redundant vs. vulnerable FEs on ecosystem functioning, our results suggest that the promised benefits from tropical biodiversity may not be as strong as previously thought.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                hbio
                Hidrobiológica
                Hidrobiológica
                Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                0188-8897
                August 2023
                : 33
                : 2
                : 149-156
                Affiliations
                [1] Ensenada Baja California orgnameCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada orgdiv1Departamento de Ecología Marina México
                [2] Puerto Vallarta orgnameUniversidad de Guadalajara orgdiv1Centro Universitario de la Costa orgdiv2Laboratorio de Ecología Marina Mexico
                Article
                S0188-88972023000200149 S0188-8897(23)03300200149
                10.24275/bdte3481
                beae8061-fdb2-400b-aa8a-d27a15eb7c96

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 October 2022
                : 22 June 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                reef functional index,functional diversity,Mexican Pacific,Arrecife,diversidad funcional,Índice de Función Arrecifal,Pacífico mexicano,Reef

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