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      Pharmaceutical market, environmental public policies and water quality: the case of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, Brazil Translated title: Mercado farmacêutico, políticas públicas ambientais e qualidade da água: o caso da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil Translated title: Mercado farmacéutico, políticas públicas ambientales y calidad del agua: el caso de la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Water pollution has been an increasing concern for the authorities responsible for planning and executing public policies. In this qualitative research, we have discussed the most sold pharmaceuticals in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, Brazil, and compared public policies focused on pharmaceuticals and environmental issues among countries/regions. For that, data provided by Close-Up International related to the sales of medicines in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region between April/2016 and April/2017 were collected and processed to identify and quantify the pharmaceutical products. The 300 most sold medicines in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region fall in 26 therapeutic classes, which include 159 drugs. The most sold pharmaceutical products group is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) representing approximately 44.3% of the total. The ten most sold pharmaceuticals sum up 1200 tons. Dipyrone is the first place in mass representing around 488 tons, followed by metformin with around 310 tons commercialized. Public policies focused on pharmaceuticals in the environment still need adjustments to improve reinforcement, even in developed countries. There is no international standard on how to conduct the issue, each country adopting the public policy that best matches to the local. Brazil, despite having some legislation that approaches the theme, still lacks effective public policies and stakeholder awareness. In this aspect, the need for improvement of the reverse logistics system, consumer orientation to the adequate disposal of unused/expired medicines, and the adoption of the unit-dose system as a therapeutic strategy is evident.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: A poluição da água tem preocupado cada vez mais as autoridades responsáveis pelo planejamento e execução das políticas públicas no Brasil. Esta pesquisa qualitativa discute os produtos farmacêuticos mais vendidos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, e compara as políticas públicas focadas em produtos farmacêuticos e questões ambientais, entre países e regiões. Foram coletados e processados os dados fornecidos pela Close-Up International sobre vendas de medicamentos na Grande São Paulo entre abril de 2016 e abril de 2017, para identificar e quantificar esses produtos. Os 300 medicamentos mais vendidos na Grande São Paulo pertencem a 26 classes terapêuticas e incluem 159 fármacos. Os produtos farmacêuticos mais vendidos pertencem ao grupo dos anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINES), representando aproximadamente 44,3% do total. Os dez produtos farmacêuticos mais vendidos somam 1.200 toneladas. A dipirona liderou o ranking em termos de massa, com cerca de 488 toneladas, seguida pela metformina, com 310 toneladas comercializadas. As políticas públicas focadas nos produtos farmacêuticos e sua presença no meio ambiente ainda requerem ajustes, mesmo nos países desenvolvidos. Não existe uma norma internacional para lidar com essa questão, e cada país adota a política pública mais adequada para o contexto local. O Brasil já dispõe de alguma legislação sobre o tema, mas ainda faltam políticas públicas efetivas e uma melhor conscientização dos atores envolvidos. Portanto, há uma necessidade evidente de melhorar o sistema de logística reversa, com orientação dos consumidores em relação ao descarte adequado dos medicamentos não utilizados ou vencidos e a adoção do sistema de dose unitária como estratégia terapêutica.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: La contaminación del agua ha sido una creciente preocupación para las autoridades responsables de planificar y ejecutar políticas públicas. Esta investigación cualitativa trata sobre los productos farmacéuticos más vendidos en la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, y además compara las políticas públicas centradas en cuestiones farmacéuticas y ambientales entre países/regiones. En este sentido, los datos proporcionados por Close-Up International, relacionados con las ventas de medicinas en la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo entre abril/2016 y abril/2017, se recogieron y presentaron para identificar y cuantificar los productos farmacéuticos. Las 300 medicinas más vendidas en la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo se incluyeron en 26 clases terapéuticas, que incluyeron 159 medicamentos. El grupo de productos farmacéuticos más vendido es el de los medicamentos antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINE), representando aproximadamente un 44,3% del total. Los 10 productos farmacéuticos más vendidos llegaron a alcanzar las 1.200 toneladas. La dipirona está en primer lugar, alrededor de 488 toneladas, a la que le sigue la metformina con cerca de 310 toneladas comercializadas. Las políticas públicas centradas en productos farmacéuticos y medioambiente todavía necesitan ajustes para mejorar su fortalecimiento, incluso en los países desarrollados. No existe un estándar internacional sobre cómo gestionar este asunto, cada país adopta las políticas públicas que mejor se ajustan a su entorno. Brasil, a pesar de contar con algo de legislación que se centra en esta cuestión, todavía adolece de políticas públicas efectivas, así como una falta de sensibilización de los agentes responsables. En este aspecto, es evidente la necesidad de mejorar el sistema de logística inversa, así como la orientación al consumidor para desechar adecuadamente las medicinas no usadas/caducadas, y la adopción de un sistema de dosis unitarias como estrategia terapéutica.

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          Most cited references63

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          Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: a review.

          Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are among the main sources of antibiotics' release into various compartments of the environment worldwide. The aim of the present paper is to critically review the fate and removal of various antibiotics in wastewater treatment, focusing on different processes (i.e. biological processes, advanced treatment technologies and disinfection) in view of the current concerns related to the induction of toxic effects in aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and the occurrence of antibiotics that may promote the selection of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria, as reported in the literature. Where available, estimations of the removal of antibiotics are provided along with the main treatment steps. The removal efficiency during wastewater treatment processes varies and is mainly dependent on a combination of antibiotics' physicochemical properties and the operating conditions of the treatment systems. As a result, the application of alternative techniques including membrane processes, activated carbon adsorption, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and combinations of them, which may lead to higher removals, may be necessary before the final disposal of the effluents or their reuse for irrigation or groundwater recharge. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Ecological effects of antibiotics on natural ecosystems: A review

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              Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation.

              Emerging pollutants reach the environment from various anthropogenic sources and are distributed throughout environmental matrices. Although great advances have been made in the detection and analysis of trace pollutants during recent decades, due to the continued development and refinement of specific techniques, a wide array of undetected contaminants of emerging environmental concern need to be identified and quantified in various environmental components and biological tissues. These pollutants may be mobile and persistent in air, water, soil, sediments and ecological receptors even at low concentrations. Robust data on their fate and behaviour in the environment, as well as on threats to ecological and human health, are still lacking. Moreover, the ecotoxicological significance of some emerging micropollutants remains largely unknown, because satisfactory data to determine their risk often do not exist. This paper discusses the fate, behaviour, (bio)monitoring, environmental and health risks associated with emerging chemical (pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, hormones, toxins, among others) and biological (bacteria, viruses) micropollutants in soils, sediments, groundwater, industrial and municipal wastewaters, aquaculture effluents, and freshwater and marine ecosystems, and highlights new horizons for their (bio)removal. Our study aims to demonstrate the imperative need to boost research and innovation for new and cost-effective treatment technologies, in line with the uptake, mode of action and consequences of each emerging contaminant. We also address the topic of innovative tools for the evaluation of the effects of toxicity on human health and for the prediction of microbial availability and degradation in the environment. Additionally, we consider the development of (bio)sensors to perform environmental monitoring in real-time mode. This needs to address multiple species, along with a more effective exploitation of specialised microbes or enzymes capable of degrading endocrine disruptors and other micropollutants. In practical terms, the outcomes of these activities will build up the knowledge base and develop solutions to fill the significant innovation gap faced worldwide.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                2020
                : 36
                : 11
                : e00192319
                Affiliations
                [1] Diadema São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas Brazil
                Article
                S0102-311X2020001105010 S0102-311X(20)03601105010
                10.1590/0102-311x00192319
                9eb6ce54-e446-4204-bef7-7c144b60166f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 October 2019
                : 27 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 63, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Article

                Poluição da Água,Environmental Health,Política de Saúde,Política Ambiental,Environmental Monitoring,Water Pollution,Saúde Ambiental,Política de Salud,Contaminación del Agua,Salud Ambiental,Monitoramento Ambiental,Monitoreo de Ambiente,Health Policy,Environmental Policy

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