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      Holistic management of DSD.

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          Abstract

          Disorder of sex development (DSD) presents a unique challenge, both diagnostically and in terms of acute and longer-term management. These are relatively rare conditions usually requiring a multidisciplinary approach from the outset and the involvement of a tertiary centre for assessment and management recommendations. This article describes the structure of the multidisciplinary team (MDT) at our centre, with contributions from key members of the team regarding their individual roles. The focus is on the newborn referred for assessment of ambiguous genitalia, rather than on individuals who present in the adolescent period or at other times, although the same MDT involvement is likely to be required. The approach to the initial assessment and management is discussed and the subsequent diagnosis and follow-up presented, with emphasis on the importance of careful transition and long-term support.

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          Most cited references34

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          Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders.

          I A Hughes (2005)
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            Matrix effects: the Achilles heel of quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry.

            High-performance liquid chromatography coupled by an electrospray ion source to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) is the current analytical method of choice for quantitation of analytes in biological matrices. With HPLC-ESI-MS/MS having the characteristics of high selectivity, sensitivity, and throughput, this technology is being increasingly used in the clinical laboratory. An important issue to be addressed in method development, validation, and routine use of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS is matrix effects. Matrix effects are the alteration of ionization efficiency by the presence of coeluting substances. These effects are unseen in the chromatogram but have deleterious impact on methods accuracy and sensitivity. The two common ways to assess matrix effects are either by the postextraction addition method or the postcolumn infusion method. To remove or minimize matrix effects, modification to the sample extraction methodology and improved chromatographic separation must be performed. These two parameters are linked together and form the basis of developing a successful and robust quantitative HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Due to the heterogenous nature of the population being studied, the variability of a method must be assessed in samples taken from a variety of subjects. In this paper, the major aspects of matrix effects are discussed with an approach to address matrix effects during method validation proposed.
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              Time course of the serum gonadotropin surge, inhibins, and anti-Müllerian hormone in normal newborn males during the first month of life.

              Newborns with ambiguous genitalia or males with nonpalpable gonads usually require an early assessment of the presence and functional state of testicular tissue. Our objective was to characterize the precise ontogeny of the serum patterns of gonadotropins, testosterone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and inhibins in normal newborn boys. We conducted a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Serum samples were obtained in 57 boys and 13 girls on d 2 of life. A second sample was obtained on d 7, 10, 15, 20, and 30 (boys) and on d 30 (girls). Serum levels of gonadotropins, testosterone, AMH, and inhibins were measured. In males, LH and FSH were undetectable or very low on d 2. By d 7, LH increased to 3.94 +/- 3.19 IU/liter (mean +/- sd) and FSH to 2.04 +/- 1.67 IU/liter. LH/FSH ratios were 0.40 +/- 0.11 (d 2) and 2.02 +/- 0.20 (d 30). AMH rose from 371 +/- 168 pmol/liter (d 2) to 699 +/- 245 pmol/liter (d 30), and inhibin B rose from 214 +/- 86 ng/liter (d 2) to 361 +/- 93 ng/liter (d 30). The inhibin alpha-subunit precursor (pro-alphaC) remained stable during the first month of life. Testosterone levels were 66 +/- 42 ng/dl (d 2), 82 +/- 24 ng/dl (d 20), and 210 +/- 130 ng/dl (d 30). A sexual dimorphism was observed in AMH and inhibin B (lower in girls on d 2 and 30), in LH/FSH ratio (lower in girls on d 30) and in testosterone (lower in girls on d 30). Sertoli cell markers AMH and inhibin B are the earliest useful markers indicating the existence of normal testicular tissue.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab
                Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism
                Elsevier BV
                1878-1594
                1521-690X
                Apr 2010
                : 24
                : 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JN, UK. cbrain@nhs.net
                Article
                S1521-690X(10)00025-4
                10.1016/j.beem.2010.01.006
                2892742
                20541156
                8103b911-2bb9-4acd-83ef-c03af92c3227
                Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                History

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