Variation in blood pressure and long-term risk of dementia: A population-based cohort study

Abstract

Background

Variation in blood pressure may relate to dementia risk via autonomic disturbance or hemodynamic mechanisms, but the long-term associations are unclear. We aimed to determine whether blood pressure variation over a period of years, considering both magnitude and direction, is associated with the risk of dementia.

Methods and findings

In a prospective cohort study ongoing since 1989 in the Netherlands, 5,273 dementia-free participants (58.1% women; mean [SD] age, 67.6 [8.0] years) were included. As of 2016, 1,059 dementia cases occurred during a median follow-up of 14.6 years. Absolute variation in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was assessed as the absolute difference in SBP divided by the mean over two sequential visits every 4.2 (median) years, with the first quantile set as the reference level. The direction was the rise or fall in SBP, with the third quantile set as the reference level. We estimated the risk of dementia in relation to SBP variation measured at different time windows (i.e., at least 0, 5, 10, and 15 years) prior to dementia diagnosis, with adjustments for age, sex, education, apolipoprotein E ( APOE) genotype, vascular risk factors, and history of cardiovascular disease. We repeated the above analysis for variation in diastolic blood pressure (DBP).

A large SBP variation was associated with an increased dementia risk, which became more pronounced with longer intervals between the assessment of SBP variation and the diagnosis of dementia. The hazard ratio (HR) associated with large variation (the highest quintile) increased from 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88–1.34, P = 0.337) for risk within 5 years of SBP variation measurement to 3.13 (95% CI 2.05–4.77; P < 0.001) for risk after at least 15 years since the measurement of SBP variation. The increased long-term risk was associated with both large rises (HR for the highest quintile, 3.31 [95% CI 2.11–5.18], P < 0.001) and large falls in SBP (HR for the lowest quintile, 2.20 [95% CI 1.33–3.63], P = 0.002), whereas the higher short-term risk was only associated with large falls in SBP (HR, 1.21 [95% CI 1.00–1.48], P = 0.017). Similar findings were observed for variation in DBP. Despite our assessment of major confounders, potential residual confounding is possible, and the findings on blood pressure variability over periods of years may not be generalizable to variability over periods of days and other shorter periods.

Conclusions

Results of this study showed that a large blood pressure variation over a period of years was associated with an increased long-term risk of dementia. The association between blood pressure variation and dementia appears most pronounced when this variation occurred long before the diagnosis. An elevated long-term risk of dementia was observed with both a large rise and fall in blood pressure.

Abstract

Albert Hofman and colleagues investigate associations between individual blood pressure changes and dementia risk.

Author summary

Why was this study done?

• Blood pressure rises throughout most of life, and hypertension is proposed as an important modifiable risk factor for dementia. In late life, the relationship between blood pressure and dementia is controversial.

• Variation in blood pressure is suggested to be associated with dementia risk beyond absolute blood pressure levels, but the long-term associations are unclear. Whether the putative associations differ by direction of variation is also unknown.

What did the researchers do and find?

• In this prospective cohort study involving 5,273 dementia-free participants who were followed over 26 years, a large blood pressure variation, measured over two sequential visits every 4 years apart, was associated with an increased risk of dementia, especially when this variation occurred long before the diagnosis.

• Both large rises and falls in blood pressure were associated with a higher long-term risk.

What do these findings mean?

• This study suggests the potential importance of blood pressure variability in the etiology of dementia.

• If the observed association is causal, our study suggests an opportunity to prevent dementia through targeting large variation in blood pressure over a period of years above and beyond the mere control of conventional blood pressure limits.

• The stronger association over longer intervals thereby suggests greater benefits from interventions implemented earlier in life.