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      Secondary Metabolites from Inula britannica L. and Their Biological Activities

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          Abstract

          Inula britannica L., family Asteraceae, is used in traditional Chinese and Kampo Medicines for various diseases. Flowers or the aerial parts are a rich source of secondary metabolites. These consist mainly of terpenoids (sesquiterpene lactones and dimmers, diterpenes and triterpenoids) and flavonoids. The isolated compounds have shown diverse biological activities: anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective activities. This review provides information on isolated bioactive phytochemicals and pharmacological potentials of I. britannica.

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          Quercetin regulates Th1/Th2 balance in a murine model of asthma.

          Hee-ju Park, Chang-Min Lee, In Duk Jung … (2009)
          Quercetin is found to be the most active of the flavonoids in studies and many medicinal plants owe much of their activity to their high Quercetin content. Quercetin has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity because of direct inhibition of several initial processes of inflammation. However, its anti-allergic effect in the Th1/Th2 immune response was poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that T-bet and GATA-3 were master Th1 and Th2 regulatory transcription factors. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether Quercetin regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine production, T-bet and GATA-3 gene expression in OVA-induced asthma model mice. Quercetin reduced the increased levels of IL-4, Th2 cytokine production in OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice. The other side, it increased IFN-gamma, Th1 cytokine production in Quercetin administrated mice. We also examined to ascertain whether Quercetin could influence Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity. The administration of Quercetin before the last airway OVA challenge resulted in a significant inhibition of all asthmatic reactions. Accordingly, this study may provide evidence that Quercetin plays a critical role in the amelioration of the pathogenetic process of asthma in mice. These findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of Quercetin in terms of its effects in a murine model of asthma, and also broaden current perspectives in our understanding of the immunopharmacological functions of Quercetin.
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            Insects feeding on plants: rapid signals and responses preceding the induction of phytochemical release.

            Massimo Maffei, Axel Mithöfer, Wilhelm Boland (2015)
            The ability of plants to withstand herbivores relies on direct and indirect chemical defense. By using toxic phytochemicals, plants can deter and/or poison herbivores, while by releasing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere plants can attract predators of the herbivores. The activation of specific responses requires recognition and appropriate response towards the attacking enemy and most of the events which finally lead to gene activation (the signaling pathway) occur within a few minutes. Among the several signaling molecules involved, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular calcium signatures belong to early events, which are responsible for most of the ensuing cascades of chemical and molecular reactions. In this review, we will focus on rapid early events following insect feeding on plants that eventually lead to the production and release of phytochemicals. Furthermore, we compare and discuss the impact of mechanical and biotroph wounding.
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              Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Plants: An Overview

              Varindra Pandhair, B. Sekhon (2006)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 March 2010
                Publication date Collection: March 2010
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 1562-1577
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Korea
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
                [3 ]Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Korea
                [4 ]Department of Biotechnology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ijlee@ 123456knu.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-53 950 5708.
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-15-01562
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031562
                PMC ID: 6257271
                PubMed ID: 20336001
                SO-VID: 259e6f56-d0a3-4e5f-91fa-3722c315bc0b
                Copyright © © 2010 by the authors;
                License:

                licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 04 January 2010
                Date revision received : 25 January 2010
                Date accepted : 28 January 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: i. britannica,sesquiterpenoids,flavonoids,triterpenoids,anticancer,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,hepatoprotective,neuroprotective
                Data availability:
                Keywords: i. britannica, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective

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