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      Ill-defined causes of death in Brazil: a redistribution method based on the investigation of such causes Translated title: Causas mal definidas de óbito no Brasil: método de redistribuição baseado na investigação do óbito

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE

          To propose a method of redistributing ill-defined causes of death (IDCD) based on the investigation of such causes.

          METHODS

          In 2010, an evaluation of the results of investigating the causes of death classified as IDCD in accordance with chapter 18 of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) by the Mortality Information System was performed. The redistribution coefficients were calculated according to the proportional distribution of ill-defined causes reclassified after investigation in any chapter of the ICD-10, except for chapter 18, and used to redistribute the ill-defined causes not investigated and remaining by sex and age. The IDCD redistribution coefficient was compared with two usual methods of redistribution: a) Total redistribution coefficient, based on the proportional distribution of all the defined causes originally notified and b) Non-external redistribution coefficient, similar to the previous, but excluding external causes.

          RESULTS

          Of the 97,314 deaths by ill-defined causes reported in 2010, 30.3% were investigated, and 65.5% of those were reclassified as defined causes after the investigation. Endocrine diseases, mental disorders, and maternal causes had a higher representation among the reclassified ill-defined causes, contrary to infectious diseases, neoplasms, and genitourinary diseases, with higher proportions among the defined causes reported. External causes represented 9.3% of the ill-defined causes reclassified. The correction of mortality rates by the total redistribution coefficient and non-external redistribution coefficient increased the magnitude of the rates by a relatively similar factor for most causes, contrary to the IDCD redistribution coefficient that corrected the different causes of death with differentiated weights.

          CONCLUSIONS

          The proportional distribution of causes among the ill-defined causes reclassified after investigation was not similar to the original distribution of defined causes. Therefore, the redistribution of the remaining ill-defined causes based on the investigation allows for more appropriate estimates of the mortality risk due to specific causes.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO

          Propor método de redistribuição de causas mal definidas de óbito baseado na investigação dessas causas.

          MÉTODOS

          Foram analisados os resultados das investigações dos óbitos notificados como causas mal definidas (CMD) do capítulo XVIII da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças (CID-10), no Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade em 2010. Os coeficientes de redistribuição foram calculados segundo a distribuição proporcional das causas mal definidas reclassificadas após investigação em qualquer capítulo da CID-10, exceto o capítulo XVIII, e utilizados para redistribuir as causas mal definidas não investigadas e remanescentes, segundo sexo e idade. O coeficiente de redistribuição-CMD foi comparado com dois métodos usuais de redistribuição: a) coeficiente de redistribuição-Total, baseado na distribuição proporcional de todas as causas definidas notificadas; b) coeficiente de redistribuição-Não externas, similar ao anterior, com exclusão das causas externas.

          RESULTADOS

          Dos 97.314 óbitos por causas mal definidas notificados em 2010, 30,3% foram investigados. Desses, 65,5% foram reclassificados em causas definidas após investigação. As doenças endócrinas, transtornos mentais e causas maternas tiveram representação maior entre as causas mal definidas reclassificadas, ao contrário das doenças infecciosas, neoplasias e doenças do aparelho geniturinário, com proporções maiores entre causas definidas notificadas. As causas externas representaram 9,3% das causas mal definidas reclassificadas. A correção das taxas de mortalidade pelos critérios coeficiente de redistribuição-Total e coeficiente de redistribuição-Não externas aumentou a magnitude das taxas por fator relativamente semelhante para a maioria das causas, ao contrário do coeficiente de redistribuição-CMD, que corrigiu as diferentes causas de óbito com pesos diferenciados.

          CONCLUSÕES

          A distribuição proporcional de causas entre as causas mal definidas reclassificadas após investigação não foi semelhante à distribuição original de causas definidas. Portanto, a redistribuição das causas mal definidas remanescentes com base nas investigações permite estimativas mais adequadas do risco de mortalidade por causas específicas.

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          Estimated causes of death in Thailand, 2005: implications for health policy

          Background Almost 400,000 deaths are registered each year in Thailand. Their value for public health policy and planning is greatly diminished by incomplete registration of deaths and by concerns about the quality of cause-of-death information. This arises from misclassification of specified causes of death, particularly in hospitals, as well as from extensive use of ill-defined and vague codes to attribute the underlying cause of death. Detailed investigations of a sample of deaths in and out of hospital were carried out to identify misclassification of causes and thus derive a best estimate of national mortality patterns by age, sex, and cause of death. Methods A nationally representative sample of 11,984 deaths in 2005 was selected, and verbal autopsy interviews were conducted for almost 10,000 deaths. Verbal autopsy procedures were validated against 2,558 cases for which medical record review was possible. Misclassification matrices for leading causes of death, including ill-defined causes, were developed separately for deaths inside and outside of hospitals and proportionate mortality distributions constructed. Estimates of mortality undercount were derived from "capture-recapture" methods applied to the 2005-06 Survey of Population Change. Proportionate mortality distributions were applied to this mortality "envelope" and ill-defined causes redistributed according to Global Burden of Disease methods to yield final estimates of mortality levels and patterns in 2005. Results Estimated life expectancy in Thailand in 2005 was 68.5 years for males and 75.6 years for females, two years lower than vital registration data suggest. Upon correction, stroke is the leading cause of death in Thailand (10.7%), followed by ischemic heart disease (7.8%) and HIV/AIDS (7.4%). Other leading causes are road traffic accidents (males) and diabetes mellitus (females). In many cases, estimated mortality is at least twice what is estimated in vital registration. Leading causes of death have remained stable since 1999, with the exception of a large decline in HIV/AIDS mortality. Conclusions Field research into the accuracy of cause-of-death data can result in substantially different patterns of mortality than suggested by routine death registration. Misclassification errors are likely to have very significant implications for health policy debates. Routine incorporation of validated verbal autopsy methods could significantly improve cause-of-death data quality in Thailand.
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            Cause-of-death ascertainment for deaths that occur outside hospitals in Thailand: application of verbal autopsy methods

            Background Ascertainment of cause for deaths that occur in the absence of medical attention is a significant problem in many countries, including Thailand, where more than 50% of such deaths are registered with ill-defined causes. Routine implementation of standardized, rigorous verbal autopsy methods is a potential solution. This paper reports findings from field research conducted to develop, test, and validate the use of verbal autopsy (VA) methods in Thailand. Methods International verbal autopsy methods were first adapted to the Thai context and then implemented to ascertain causes of death for a nationally representative sample of 11,984 deaths that occurred in Thailand in 2005. Causes of death were derived from completed VA questionnaires by physicians trained in ICD-based cause-of-death certification. VA diagnoses were validated in the sample of hospital deaths for which reference diagnoses were available from medical record review. Validated study findings were used to adjust VA-based causes of death derived for deaths in the study sample that had occurred outside hospitals. Results were used to estimate cause-specific mortality patterns for deaths outside hospitals in Thailand in 2005. Results VA-based causes of death were derived for 6,328 out of 7,340 deaths in the study sample that had occurred outside hospitals, constituting the verification arm of the study. The use of VA resulted in large-scale reassignment of deaths from ill-defined categories to specific causes of death. The validation study identified that VA tends to overdiagnose important causes such as diabetes, liver cancer, and tuberculosis, while undercounting deaths from HIV/AIDS, liver diseases, genitourinary (essential renal), and digestive system disorders. Conclusions The use of standard VA methods adapted to Thailand enabled a plausible assessment of cause-specific mortality patterns and a substantial reduction of ill-defined diagnoses. Validation studies enhance the utility of findings from the application of verbal autopsy. Regular implementation of VA in Thailand could accelerate development of the quality and utility of vital registration data for deaths outside hospitals.
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              Uso da autópsia verbal na investigação de óbitos com causa mal definida em Minas Gerais, Brasil

              As causas mal definidas de morte refletem problemas de acesso aos serviços de saúde e de qualidade da assistência médica, e indicam precariedade no registro de dados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Selecionou-se uma amostra de municípios na Macrorregião Nordeste de Minas Gerais, Brasil, com o objetivo de investigar as mortes por causas mal definidas e os óbitos não notificados ao SIM em 2007, por meio do método da autópsia verbal. Esse método possibilitou esclarecer 87% das causas dos óbitos investigados, das quais 17% (n = 37) eram por causas violentas. Ao final do estudo, dentre os 779 investigados, 9,5% (n = 74) eram óbitos por causa externa encontrados fora do SIM. A distribuição por causas foi semelhante entre os óbitos notificados e não notificados ao SIM para as causas naturais, mas diferente quando incluídas as causas externas. Conclui-se que a investigação de óbitos com a metodologia da autópsia verbal pode ser um instrumento de grande valia para o aprimoramento do SIM no estado possibilitando o esclarecimento das causas de morte e também quanto à cobertura dos eventos.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Saude Publica
                Rev Saude Publica
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
                0034-8910
                1518-8787
                August 2014
                : 48
                : 4
                : 671-681
                Affiliations
                [I ]Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade, Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
                [II ]Grupo de Pesquisa e Avaliação em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal, de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, Grupo de Pesquisa e Avaliação em Saúde. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
                [III ]Gerência de Epidemiologia e Informação, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Belo, Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, Gerência de Epidemiologia e Informação. Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Belo Horizonte. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
                [IV ]Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade, Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
                [V ]Coordenação Geral de Informações e Análise Epidemiológica, Secretaria de Vigilância à Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil, Coordenação Geral de Informações e Análise Epidemiológica. Secretaria de Vigilância à Saúde. Ministério da Saúde. Brasília, DF, Brasil.
                [VI ]Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública. Universidade Federal de Goiás. Goiânia, GO, Brasil
                [VII ]Centro de Informação Científica e Tecnológica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Centro de Informação Científica e Tecnológica. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Elisabeth França. Faculdade de Medicina – UFMG. Av. Alfredo Balena, 190/731. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. E-mail: efranca@ 123456medicina.ufmg.br
                Article
                10.1590/S0034-8910.2014048005146
                4181094
                25210826
                69445142-0a5c-4b38-87d9-47f0106f2054

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 September 2013
                : 17 March 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 8, References: 20, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Health
                Award ID: 25000572113/200
                This study was supported by the Ministry of Health (Process 25000572113/200).
                Categories
                Public Health Practice Original Articles

                cause of death,mortality registries,underregistration,vital statistics,information systems

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