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      Association Between Socioeconomic Status and In Utero Fetal Brain Development

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          This cohort study examines the association between parental socioeconomic status measures and brain volume and cortical features among fetuses.

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          User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability.

          Paul Yushkevich, Joseph Piven, Heather Cody Hazlett … (2006)
          Active contour segmentation and its robust implementation using level set methods are well-established theoretical approaches that have been studied thoroughly in the image analysis literature. Despite the existence of these powerful segmentation methods, the needs of clinical research continue to be fulfilled, to a large extent, using slice-by-slice manual tracing. To bridge the gap between methodological advances and clinical routine, we developed an open source application called ITK-SNAP, which is intended to make level set segmentation easily accessible to a wide range of users, including those with little or no mathematical expertise. This paper describes the methods and software engineering philosophy behind this new tool and provides the results of validation experiments performed in the context of an ongoing child autism neuroimaging study. The validation establishes SNAP intrarater and interrater reliability and overlap error statistics for the caudate nucleus and finds that SNAP is a highly reliable and efficient alternative to manual tracing. Analogous results for lateral ventricle segmentation are provided.
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            A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression.

            Yekta Dowlati, Nathan Herrmann, Walter Swardfager … (2010)
            Major depression occurs in 4.4% to 20% of the general population. Studies suggest that major depression is accompanied by immune dysregulation and activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS). Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the data on concentrations of specific cytokines in patients diagnosed with a major depressive episode and controls. We performed a meta-analysis of studies measuring cytokine concentration in patients with major depression, with a database search of the English literature (to August 2009) and a manual search of references. Twenty-four studies involving unstimulated measurements of cytokines in patients meeting DSM criteria for major depression were included in the meta-analysis; 13 for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, 9 for interleukin (IL)-1beta, 16 for IL-6, 5 for IL-4, 5 for IL-2, 4 for IL-8, 6 for IL-10, and 4 for interferon (IFN)-gamma. There were significantly higher concentrations of TNF-alpha (p < .00001), weighted mean difference (WMD) (95% confidence interval) 3.97 pg/mL (2.24 to 5.71), in depressed subjects compared with control subjects (438 depressed/350 nondepressed). Also, IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher (p < .00001) in depressed subjects compared with control subjects (492 depressed/400 nondepressed) with an overall WMD of 1.78 pg/mL (1.23 to 2.33). There were no significant differences among depressed and nondepressed subjects for the other cytokines studied. This meta-analysis reports significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. While both positive and negative results have been reported in individual studies, this meta-analytic result strengthens evidence that depression is accompanied by activation of the IRS. Copyright 2010 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Mediation analysis.

              David P. MacKinnon, Amanda Fairchild, Matthew S Fritz (2007)
              Mediating variables are prominent in psychological theory and research. A mediating variable transmits the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Differences between mediating variables and confounders, moderators, and covariates are outlined. Statistical methods to assess mediation and modern comprehensive approaches are described. Future directions for mediation analysis are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: JAMA Network Open
                Abbreviated Title: JAMA Netw Open
                Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
                ISSN (Electronic): 2574-3805
                Publication date Created: March 01 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): March 29 2021
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 3
                Page: e213526
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Developing Brain Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
                [2 ]Department of Quality and Patient Safety, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
                [3 ]Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
                [4 ]Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
                Article
                DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3526
                SO-VID: 72c71d2a-c073-4005-8086-78d77a877ed1
                Copyright © © 2021
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