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      Perception of drinking water safety and factors influencing acceptance and sustainability of a water quality intervention in rural southern India.

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          Abstract

          Acceptance and long-term sustainability of water quality interventions are pivotal to realizing continued health benefits. However, there is limited research attempting to understand the factors that influence compliance to or adoption of such interventions.

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          Most cited references32

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          Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups.

          This paper explores the most common methods of data collection used in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. The paper examines each method in detail, focusing on how they work in practice, when their use is appropriate and what they can offer dentistry. Examples of empirical studies that have used interviews or focus groups are also provided.
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            Global Causes of Diarrheal Disease Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review

            Estimation of pathogen-specific causes of child diarrhea deaths is needed to guide vaccine development and other prevention strategies. We did a systematic review of articles published between 1990 and 2011 reporting at least one of 13 pathogens in children <5 years of age hospitalized with diarrhea. We included 2011 rotavirus data from the Rotavirus Surveillance Network coordinated by WHO. We excluded studies conducted during diarrhea outbreaks that did not discriminate between inpatient and outpatient cases, reporting nosocomial infections, those conducted in special populations, not done with adequate methods, and rotavirus studies in countries where the rotavirus vaccine was used. Age-adjusted median proportions for each pathogen were calculated and applied to 712 000 deaths due to diarrhea in children under 5 years for 2011, assuming that those observed among children hospitalized for diarrhea represent those causing child diarrhea deaths. 163 articles and WHO studies done in 31 countries were selected representing 286 inpatient studies. Studies seeking only one pathogen found higher proportions for some pathogens than studies seeking multiple pathogens (e.g. 39% rotavirus in 180 single-pathogen studies vs. 20% in 24 studies with 5–13 pathogens, p<0·0001). The percentage of episodes for which no pathogen could be identified was estimated to be 34%; the total of all age-adjusted percentages for pathogens and no-pathogen cases was 138%. Adjusting all proportions, including unknowns, to add to 100%, we estimated that rotavirus caused 197 000 [Uncertainty range (UR) 110 000–295 000], enteropathogenic E. coli 79 000 (UR 31 000–146 000), calicivirus 71 000 (UR 39 000–113 000), and enterotoxigenic E. coli 42 000 (UR 20 000–76 000) deaths. Rotavirus, calicivirus, enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic E. coli cause more than half of all diarrheal deaths in children <5 years in the world.
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              Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea

              Background Ever since John Snow’s intervention on the Broad St pump, the effect of water quality, hygiene and sanitation in preventing diarrhoea deaths has always been debated. The evidence identified in previous reviews is of variable quality, and mostly relates to morbidity rather than mortality. Methods We drew on three systematic reviews, two of them for the Cochrane Collaboration, focussed on the effect of handwashing with soap on diarrhoea, of water quality improvement and of excreta disposal, respectively. The estimated effect on diarrhoea mortality was determined by applying the rules adopted for this supplement, where appropriate. Results The striking effect of handwashing with soap is consistent across various study designs and pathogens, though it depends on access to water. The effect of water treatment appears similarly large, but is not found in few blinded studies, suggesting that it may be partly due to the placebo effect. There is very little rigorous evidence for the health benefit of sanitation; four intervention studies were eventually identified, though they were all quasi-randomized, had morbidity as the outcome, and were in Chinese. Conclusion We propose diarrhoea risk reductions of 48, 17 and 36%, associated respectively, with handwashing with soap, improved water quality and excreta disposal as the estimates of effect for the LiST model. Most of the evidence is of poor quality. More trials are needed, but the evidence is nonetheless strong enough to support the provision of water supply, sanitation and hygiene for all.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC public health
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                1471-2458
                1471-2458
                Jul 30 2015
                : 15
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, TN, 632004, India. elysium28@gmail.com.
                [2 ] Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, TN, 632002, India. guru@cmcvellore.ac.in.
                [3 ] Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, TN, 632004, India. rsarkar@cmcvellore.ac.in.
                [4 ] Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, TN, 632002, India. venkat@cmcvellore.ac.in.
                [5 ] Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, TN, 632004, India. gkang@cmcvellore.ac.in.
                [6 ] Society for Applied Studies, No 14, Natteri Krishnamachari Street, Krishna Nagar, Vellore, 632001, Tamilnadu, India. vinoharbalraj@gmail.com.
                Article
                10.1186/s12889-015-1974-0
                10.1186/s12889-015-1974-0
                4520261
                26223687
                5dbfbf52-fa13-4ae6-b530-331326d15f70
                History

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