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Celebrating 20 years of genetic discoveries in legume nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation
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Abstract
Since 1999, various forward- and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly
200 genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries
advanced our understanding of the evolution of SNF in plants and its relationship
to other beneficial endosymbioses, signaling between plants and microbes, the control
of microbial infection of plant cells, the control of plant cell division leading
to nodule development, autoregulation of nodulation, intracellular accommodation of
bacteria, nodule oxygen homeostasis, the control of bacteroid differentiation, metabolism
and transport supporting symbiosis, and the control of nodule senescence. This review
catalogs and contextualizes all of the plant genes currently known to be required
for SNF in two model legume species, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, and
two crop species, Glycine max (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean). We also
briefly consider the future of SNF genetics in the era of pan-genomics and genome
editing.