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      Cognición social en animales y humanos: ¿es posible establecer un Continuo? Translated title: Social cognition in animals and humans: Is it possible to establish a continuum?

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          Abstract

          El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis de estudios comparados en diversas especies sobre la cognición social, particularmente en los niños, chimpancés y perros domésticos. Si bien las dos primeras especies tienen un mayor parentesco filogenético, los perros, a diferencia de los chimpancés, viven en un contexto humano y comparten un ambiente similar al que experimentan los niños durante su desarrollo. Se analizan las tareas más utilizadas para evaluar capacidades vinculadas con la teoría de la mente, como el seguimiento de la mirada, el reconocimiento del estado atencional y de la perspectiva visual, la relación entre ver y saber así como la comprensión de que las creencias que guían el comportamiento pueden ser falsas. En el momento de comparar las habilidades cognitivas en diferentes especies, homologando las tareas experimentales, es necesario tener en cuenta las características propias de cada una de ellas. Estas comparaciones permiten determinar hasta qué punto estas capacidades son únicamente humanas. Los estudios analizados sugieren que existiría cierta continuidad en las tareas utilizadas así como en las habilidades evaluadas, a excepción de la de falsa creencia. Sin embargo, esta continuidad en los mecanismos involucrados en la cognición social aún es tema de debate.

          Translated abstract

          The aim of the present study is to analyze comparative studies about social cognition in various species, particularly in children, chimpanzees and dogs. While the first two species are closely related, dogs, unlike chimpanzees, live in a human context and share a similar environment to that experienced by children during their development. In this line, we analyze the main tasks used to evaluate theory of mind related skills, such as gaze following, the recognition of others' attentional state and visual perspective taking, the relation between seeing and knowing and the understanding of others' false beliefs. When comparing the cognitive abilities of different species, it is necessary to homologate the experimental tasks taking into account species specific characteristics. These comparisons allow determining to what extent these skills are uniquely human. The evidence reviewed here suggests a continuum in the experimental procedures used as in the evaluated skills, except for the comprehension of false belief. However, the continuity of the mechanisms involved in social cognition is still debated.

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          Comprehension of human pointing gestures in young human-reared wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris).

          Dogs have a remarkable skill to use human-given cues in object-choice tasks, but little is known to what extent their closest wild-living relative, the wolf can achieve this performance. In Study 1, we compared wolf and dog pups hand-reared individually and pet dogs of the same age in their readiness to form eye-contact with a human experimenter in an object-choice task and to follow her pointing gesture. The results showed that dogs already at 4 months of age use momentary distal pointing to find hidden food even without intensive early socialization. Wolf pups, on the contrary, do not attend to this subtle pointing. Accordingly in Studies 2 and 3, these wolves were tested longitudinally with this and four other (easier) human-given cues. This revealed that wolves socialized at a comparable level to dogs are able to use simple human-given cues spontaneously if the human's hand is close to the baited container (e.g. touching, proximal pointing). Study 4 showed that wolves can follow also momentary distal pointing similarly to dogs if they have received extensive formal training. Comparing the wolves to naïve pet dogs of the same age revealed that during several months of formal training wolves can reach the level of dogs in their success of following momentary distal pointing in parallel with improving their readiness to form eye-contact with a human experimenter. We assume that the high variability in the wolves' communicative behaviour might have provided a basis for selection during the course of domestication of the dog.
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            One-year-olds comprehend the communicative intentions behind gestures in a hiding game.

            This study explored infants' ability to infer communicative intent as expressed in non-linguistic gestures. Sixty children aged 14, 18 and 24 months participated. In the context of a hiding game, an adult indicated for the child the location of a hidden toy by giving a communicative cue: either pointing or ostensive gazing toward the container containing the toy. To succeed in this task children had to do more than just follow the point or gaze to the target container. They also had to infer that the adult's behaviour was relevant to the situation at hand - she wanted to inform them that the toy was inside the container toward which she gestured. Children at all three ages successfully used both types of cues. We conclude that infants as young as 14 months of age can, in some situations, interpret an adult behaviour as a relevant communicative act done for them.
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              The evolution of comparative cognition: is the snark still a boojum?

              In "The Snark is a Boojum", Beach [Beach, F.A., 1950. The snark was a boojum. American Psychologist. 5, 115-124] famously asserted that animal psychology embraced too few species and too few problems to deserve the name comparative. Later in the 20th century, others [e.g. Kamil, A.C., 1988. A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence. In: Leger, D.W. (Ed.), Comparative Perspectives in Modern Psychology. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 35. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, pp. 230-257; Shettleworth, S.J., 1993. Where is the comparison in comparative cognition? Alternative research programs. Psychological Science. 4, 179-184] expressed similar concerns about the new subfield of comparative cognition, suggesting that a more biological approach to choice of species and problems was needed to balance a dominant anthropocentrism. The last 10-15 years have seen many new developments, and a recent survey like Beach's reveals a very different picture. Not only are many more species being studied, contributions by researchers from different backgrounds are increasing, and research on comparative cognition is better connected with developmental psychology, behavioral neuroscience, primatology, behavioral ecology, and other fields. Contemporary research addresses three major aspects of cognition about equally: basic processes, physical cognition, and social cognition. This article describes a selected research program from each area, chosen to exemplify current trends and challenges for the field.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                sumps
                Suma Psicológica
                Suma Psicol.
                Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz (Bogotá )
                0121-4381
                July 2011
                : 18
                : 1
                : 35-46
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM) Argentina
                Article
                S0121-43812011000100004
                1a24146a-5377-417a-9267-3a33767a4466

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0121-4381&lng=en
                Categories
                PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                social cognition,comparative psychology,theory of mind,cognición social,psicología comparada,teoría de la mente

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