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      Producción pecuaria y emergencia de antibiótico resistencia en Colombia: Revisión sistemática Translated title: Livestock production and emergency antibiotic resistance in Colombia: Systematic review

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          Abstract

          Resumen El uso extensivo de antibióticos es una práctica comúnmente realizada para aumentar la producción pecuaria. Así, la crianza animal demanda una fuerte presión selectiva para prevenir brotes de infecciones pero que también podría resultar en la emergencia de cepas multidrogoresistentes. El propósito de esta revisión, es documentar la posible contribución de las practicas pecuarias en la emergencia de patógenos zoonóticos que exhiben resistencia a antibióticos en Colombia. Los patógenos resistentes a antibióticos reportados con mayor frecuencia y asociados a alimentos fueron Salmonella sp. y Escherichia coli. Se encontró que el uso no terapéutico y abuso de antibióticos β-lactámicos, macrólidos y tetraciclinas constituyen la mayor presión selectiva. Adicionalmente, se encontraron estudios locales que reportan la contaminación de fuentes ambientales y alimentos con trazas de antibióticos. La aparición de patógenos resistentes a antibióticos de uso veterinario podría ser producto de la precaria implementación de buenas prácticas pecuarias entorno al componente de sanidad animal.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The extensive use of antibiotics is a common practice to increase livestock production. Thus, animal husbandry entails a high selective pressure to control infectious outbreaks which also might result in the emergence of multidrug resistant strains. This review's aim is to survey cases associated with zoonotic pathogens showing antibiotic resistance in Colombia. The resistant pathogens most commonly isolated from the food chain were Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. The nontherapeutic and abuse of antibiotics such as β-lactams, macrolides and tetracycline represented the most critical selective pressure. Furthermore, environmental and food contamination with traces of antibiotics have been found in different local studies. Rise of resistant pathogens to veterinary drugs might result due poor implementation of good farming practices in the animal health plan.

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          Most cited references59

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          Concentrations of antibiotics predicted to select for resistant bacteria: Proposed limits for environmental regulation.

          There are concerns that selection pressure from antibiotics in the environment may accelerate the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Nevertheless, there is currently no regulatory system that takes such risks into account. In part, this is due to limited knowledge of environmental concentrations that might exert selection for resistant bacteria. To experimentally determine minimal selective concentrations in complex microbial ecosystems for all antibiotics would involve considerable effort. In this work, our aim was to estimate upper boundaries for selective concentrations for all common antibiotics, based on the assumption that selective concentrations a priori need to be lower than those completely inhibiting growth. Data on Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were obtained for 111 antibiotics from the public EUCAST database. The 1% lowest observed MICs were identified, and to compensate for limited species coverage, predicted lowest MICs adjusted for the number of tested species were extrapolated through modeling. Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for resistance selection were then assessed using an assessment factor of 10 to account for differences between MICs and minimal selective concentrations. The resulting PNECs ranged from 8 ng/L to 64 μg/L. Furthermore, the link between taxonomic similarity between species and lowest MIC was weak. This work provides estimated upper boundaries for selective concentrations (lowest MICs) and PNECs for resistance selection for all common antibiotics. In most cases, PNECs for selection of resistance were below available PNECs for ecotoxicological effects. The generated PNECs can guide implementation of compound-specific emission limits that take into account risks for resistance promotion.
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            Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics. Links between animals and humans.

            An inevitable side effect of the use of antibiotics is the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria. Most retrospective and prospective studies show that after the introduction of an antibiotic not only the level of resistance of pathogenic bacteria, but also of commensal bacteria increases. Commensal bacteria constitute a reservior of resistance genes for (potentially) pathogenic bacteria. Their level of resistance is considered to be a good indicator for selection pressure by antibiotic use and for resistance problems to be expected in pathogens. Resistant commensal bacteria of food animals might contaminate, like zoonotic bacteria, meat (products) and so reach the intestinal tract of humans. Monitoring the prevalence of resistance in indicator bacteria such as faecal Escherichia coli and enterococci in different populations, animals, patients and healthy humans, makes it feasible to compare the prevalence of resistance and to detect transfer of resistant bacteria or resistance genes from animals to humans and vice versa. Only in countries that use or used avoparcin (a glycopeptide antibiotic, like vancomycin) as antimicrobial growth promoter (AMGP), is vancomycin resistance common in intestinal enterococci, not only in exposed animals, but also in the human population outside hospitals. Resistance genes against antibiotics, that are or have only been used in animals, i.e. nourseothricin, apramycin etc. were found soon after their introduction, not only in animal bacteria but also in the commensal flora of humans, in zoonotic pathogens like salmonellae, but also in strictly human pathogens, like shigellae. This makes it clear that not only clonal spread of resistant strains occurs, but also transfer of resistance genes between human and animal bacteria. Moreover, since the EU ban of avoparcin, a significant decrease has been observed in several European countries in the prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococci in meat (products), in faecal samples of food animals and healthy humans, which underlines the role of antimicrobial usage in food animals in the selection of bacterial resistance and the transport of these resistances via the food chain to humans. To safeguard public health, the selection and dissemination of resistant bacteria from animals should be controlled. This can only be achieved by reducing the amounts of antibiotics used in animals. Discontinuing the practice of routinely adding AMGP to animal feeds would reduce the amounts of antibiotics used for animals in the EU by a minimum of 30% and in some member states even by 50%.
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              Antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: how worried should we be?

              The use of antibiotics in agriculture is routinely described as a major contributor to the clinical problem of resistant disease in human medicine. While a link is plausible, there are no data conclusively showing the magnitude of the threat emerging from agriculture. Here, we define the potential mechanisms by which agricultural antibiotic use could lead to human disease and use case studies to critically assess the potential risk from each. The three mechanisms considered are as follows 1: direct infection with resistant bacteria from an animal source, 2: breaches in the species barrier followed by sustained transmission in humans of resistant strains arising in livestock, and 3: transfer of resistance genes from agriculture into human pathogens. Of these, mechanism 1 is the most readily estimated, while significant is small in comparison with the overall burden of resistant disease. Several cases of mechanism 2 are known, and we discuss the likely livestock origins of resistant clones of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium, but while it is easy to show relatedness the direction of transmission is hard to assess in robust fashion. More difficult yet to study is the contribution of mechanism 3, which may be the most important of all.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                inf
                Infectio
                Infect.
                Asociación Colombiana de Infectología. (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0123-9392
                June 2018
                : 22
                : 2
                : 110-119
                Affiliations
                [1] Fusagasugá Cundinamarca orgnameUniversidad de Cundinamarca orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Colombia
                Article
                S0123-93922018000200110
                10.22354/in.v22i2.717
                6561c7d1-80db-4c57-afcd-07e0492b2ab3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 August 2017
                : 16 April 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 93, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                Resistencia a medicamentos,Abastecimiento de alimentos,Inocuidad de los alimentos,Infecciones por Salmonella,Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Drug resistance,food safety,disease reservoirs,food supply,Salmonella Infections

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