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      Steep discounting of delayed monetary and food rewards in obesity: a meta-analysis.

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          Abstract

          An increasing number of studies have investigated delay discounting (DD) in relation to obesity, but with mixed findings. This meta-analysis synthesized the literature on the relationship between monetary and food DD and obesity, with three objectives: (1) to characterize the relationship between DD and obesity in both case-control comparisons and continuous designs; (2) to examine potential moderators, including case-control v. continuous design, money v. food rewards, sample sex distribution, and sample age (18 years); and (3) to evaluate publication bias.

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          Most cited references63

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          The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

          Youfa Wang, May Beydoun (2007)
          This review of the obesity epidemic provides a comprehensive description of the current situation, time trends, and disparities across gender, age, socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic groups, and geographic regions in the United States based on national data. The authors searched studies published between 1990 and 2006. Adult overweight and obesity were defined by using body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) cutpoints of 25 and 30, respectively; childhood "at risk for overweight" and overweight were defined as the 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index. Average annual increase in and future projections for prevalence were estimated by using linear regression models. Among adults, obesity prevalence increased from 13% to 32% between the 1960s and 2004. Currently, 66% of adults are overweight or obese; 16% of children and adolescents are overweight and 34% are at risk of overweight. Minority and low-socioeconomic-status groups are disproportionately affected at all ages. Annual increases in prevalence ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 percentage points across groups. By 2015, 75% of adults will be overweight or obese, and 41% will be obese. In conclusion, obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades. The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed.
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            Specious reward: a behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.

            George Ainslie (1975)
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              Area under the curve as a measure of discounting.

              J. Myerson, L. Green, M Warusawitharana (2001)
              We describe a novel approach to the measurement of discounting based on calculating the area under the empirical discounting function. This approach avoids some of the problems associated with measures based on estimates of the parameters of theoretical discounting functions. The area measure may be easily calculated for both individual and group data collected using any of a variety of current delay and probability discounting procedures. The present approach is not intended as a substitute for theoretical discounting models. It is useful, however, to have a simple, univariate measure of discounting that is not tied to any specific theoretical framework.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Psychol Med
                Title: Psychological medicine
                Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1469-8978
                ISSN (Print): 0033-2917
                Publication date (Electronic): Aug 2016
                Volume: 46
                Issue: 11
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research,McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton,Hamilton,Ontario,Canada.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0033291716000866
                DOI: 10.1017/S0033291716000866
                PubMed ID: 27299672
                SO-VID: 22a6d210-2558-4de5-9542-5153e456a14e
                History

                Keywords: Body mass index,delay discounting,impulsivity,meta-analyses,obesity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Body mass index, delay discounting, impulsivity, meta-analyses, obesity

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