Características epidemiológicas del trauma abdominal en el Hospital Viedma, Cochabamba, Bolivia

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Abstract

Objetivos: analizar las características epidemiológicas del trauma abdominal en pacientes de 18 a 78 años atendidos en el Complejo Hospitalario Viedma de la ciudad de Cochabamba, durante el periodo de enero del 2011 a julio del 2012. Métodos: se realiza un estudio de tipo observacional y de corte transversal en 31 registros de pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de trauma abdominal, considerando una seguridad del 95%, a=0,05 y Z1-a =0,76; seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio no probabilístico sistémico. Resultados: el grupo más vulnerable son los varones (71%), el mecanismo más frecuente son los accidentes automovilísticos (32%); el diagnóstico de ingreso y egreso más frecuente fué trauma abdominal cerrado (65%). La técnica quirúrgica más empleada fue laparotomía exploratoria y rafia de viscera hueca (87%y52%), la complicación más frecuente el hemoperitoneo (16%). Conclusiones: existe una relación directa y estadísticamente significativa entre el tiempo demorado para el ingreso a quirófano y la estadía intrahospitalaria en pacientes ingresados por trauma abdominal independientemente de su tipología (COVAR=22,24 y R²=0,5335).

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Marjorie Chelly, Kevin Major, Jacob Spivak … (2003)

The role of laparoscopy (LS) in abdominal trauma is controversial. Concerns remain regarding missed injuries and safety. Our objective for this study was to determine the safety and better define the role of LS in abdominal trauma victims. We performed a retrospective review of all patients who sustained abdominal trauma and underwent LS in a level I trauma center. The main outcome measures were age, gender, mechanism of injury (MOI), indication for laparoscopy, presence of intra-abdominal injury (IA), therapeutic laparoscopy (TxLS), need for laparotomy, length of hospital stay (LOS), missed injuries, complications, and deaths. Forty-eight patients underwent LS (62 per cent male; average age, 28 years; MOI, 35 (85%) penetrating, 7 (15%) blunt; mean ISS, 8). At laparoscopy, 58 per cent of patients had no intra-abdominal injury. IA injury was treated with laparotomy in 14 (29%) and TxLS in 6 (13%). One patient had a negative laparotomy (2%). No injuries were missed. No patients required reoperation. There was one complication: a pneumothorax. There were no deaths. LS was most valuable in penetrating trauma, avoiding laparotomy in more than two-thirds of patients with suspected intra-abdominal injury. LS can serve as a useful adjunct for the evaluation of blunt trauma. In a level I trauma center with LS readily available, the procedure is associated with a low rate of complications and missed injury.

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Unsuspected internal organ traumatic injuries.

Rishi Sikka (2004)

Emergency medicine physicians can avoid missed traumatic intra-abdominal injury by adopting a paradigm for patient evaluation that recognizes the patterns of injury associated with pathology, the importance of positive and negative physical findings, and the limitations of diagnostic studies. The burden of avoiding missed traumatic injuries does not rest with emergency medicine physicians alone, however. A missed diagnosis may be the result of a medical error involving multiple systems and individuals.Ultimately, decreasing the incidence of missed traumatic injury is an opportunity for quality improvement for all practitioners involved in the care of patients with trauma.