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      Chronic rhinitis in HTLV-1 carriers: a histopathologic study

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          Abstract

          The nasal histopathology of HTLV-1 carriers with chronic rhinitis is unknown.

          Objective

          To describe the histopathological features of HTLV-1 carriers with chronic rhinitis.

          Materials and Methods

          Biopsies of nasal mucosa of ten HTLV-1 carriers with chronic rhinitis (eight patients with allergic rhinitis and two patients with non-allergic rhinitis) were studied using a light microscope. Samples from ten patients with allergic rhinitis not infected with HTLV-1 were used as controls.

          Results

          Subepithelial fibrosis was more pronounced in patients with allergic rhinitis infected with HTLV-1 ( p=0.01), while the basement membrane thickness was greater in controls ( p=0.03). There was a trend towards less eosinophilia and edema among those infected with HTLV-1, without statistical significance ( p=0.2). For the lymphocytic infiltrate, there was no difference between infected and not infected patients with allergic rhinitis ( p=1.0). Subepithelial fibrosis associated to moderate or small number of lymphocytes were found in the two HTLV-1 carriers with non-allergic rhinitis.

          Conclusions

          This study suggests HTLV-1 may modify the histopathology of allergic rhinitis, especially by promoting subepithelial fibrosis, and may be related to chronic non-allergic rhinitis with lymphocytic infiltrate.

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          Most cited references51

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          HTLV-I in the general population of Salvador, Brazil: a city with African ethnic and sociodemographic characteristics.

          Bernardo Galvão-Castro, Maria de Sousa, Inês Dourado … (2003)
          The city of Salvador has the highest prevalence of HTLV-I among blood donors in Brazil. To study the prevalence of HTLV-I among the general population of Salvador, 30 "sentinel surveillance areas" were selected for the investigation of various infectious diseases, and 1385 individuals within these areas were surveyed according to a simple random sample procedure. ELISA was used to screen plasma samples for antibodies to HTLV-I, and the positive samples were tested by a confirmatory assay (Western blotting). The overall prevalence of HTLV-I was 1.76% (23/1385). Infection rates were 1.2% for males and 2.0% for females. Specific prevalence demonstrated an increasing linear trend with age. No one younger than 13 years of age was infected. Multivariate analysis estimated adjusted odds ratios for the association of HTLV-I with age of 9.7 (3.3; 30.4) for females and 12.3 (1.47; 103.1) for males. Less education and income might be associated with HTLV-I infection in females. Phylogenetic analysis of the long terminal repeat fragments showed that most of the samples belonged to the Latin American cluster of the Transcontinental subgroup (Cosmopolitan subtype). For the entire city of Salvador, it is estimated that approximately 40000 individuals are infected with HTLV-I. Our results suggest multiple post-Colombian introductions of African HTLV-Ia strains in Salvador.
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            The nexus between atopic disease and autoimmunity: a review of the epidemiological and mechanistic literature.

            Harvey R Rabin, A Levinson (2008)
            There has been considerable interest in defining the relationship between the expression of allergic and autoimmune diseases in populations of patients. Are patients with autoimmune disease 'protected' from developing allergic (immunoglobulin E-mediated) diseases? Does the establishment of an atopic phenotype reduce the risk of the subsequent development of autoimmune diseases? Although there are clinical studies addressing this question, methodological problems, particularly in identification of atopic subjects, limits their usefulness. Moreover, an immune-based explanation of the observed epidemiological findings has relied on a paradigm that is currently undergoing increased scrutiny and modification to include newly defined effector cell subsets and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, such as early endotoxin or mycobacterial exposure. To address this question, we reviewed a series of clinical reports that addressed coincidence or co-prevalence of atopy with four autoimmune diseases: psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes mellitus. We present a model whereby active T helper type 1 (Th1) inflammation may suppress the development of atopy, and atopy may suppress the severity but not necessarily the onset of autoimmunity, and then discuss our model in the context of mechanisms of adaptive immunity with particular reference to the Th1/Th2 paradigms. Because the ultimate goal is to ameliorate or cure these diseases, our discussion may help to predict or interpret unexpected consequences of novel therapeutic agents used to target autoimmune or atopic diseases.
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              Cytokine profile and immunomodulation in asymptomatic human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected blood donors.

              E. Carvalho, Susana Braga, Elias Porto … (2001)
              The modulation of the immune response has been used as therapy for clinical disorders associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. In this study, the cytokine profile was evaluated in 26 asymptomatic HTLV-1 blood donors. Additionally, both the cell responsible for producing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and the role of exogenous interleukin (IL)-10 in downregulating IFN-gamma production were studied. Cytokine levels were determined in supernatants of unstimulated lymphocyte cultures by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-5, and IL-10 were higher in supernatants of the lymphocyte cultures taken from HTLV-1-infected donors than in those taken from healthy subjects. Although depletion of CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells did not affect IFN-gamma production, depletion of CD4+ T cells significantly decreased IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, at a concentration of 2 ng/ml, IL-10 had only a minimum effect on IFN-gamma production, although at high concentrations (100 ng/ml), IL-10 decreased IFN-gamma production by 50% in HTLV-1-infected individuals. These data indicate that both T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines are elevated in HTLV-1 infection and that IL-10 in high concentrations modulates IFN-gamma production in these patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Title: Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1808-8694
                ISSN (Electronic): 1808-8686
                Publication date PMC-release: 20 October 2015
                Publication date Collection: Mar-Apr 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 October 2015
                Volume: 78
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 35-40
                Affiliations
                [a ]PhD in Medicine (Assistng Physician in the ENT Service of the Professor Edgar Santos University Hospital at the Federal University of Bahia)
                [b ]PhD in Medicine (Professor in the Department of Biomorphology at the Health Sciences Insttute of the Federal University of Bahia)
                [c ]PhD in Medicine (Adjunct Professor in the Medical School of the Federal University of Bahia)
                [d ]PhD in Surgery (Professor of Otorhinolaryngology in the Medical School of the Federal University of Bahia)
                [e ]PhD in Human Pathology (Coordinator of the Histotechnology Laboratory at the Oswaldo Cruz Insttute Foundaton in Bahia)
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S1808-8694(15)30007-0
                DOI: 10.1590/S1808-86942012000200007
                PMC ID: 9443835
                PubMed ID: 22499368
                SO-VID: 7eec38b1-4110-42a8-a9a9-b79719921f4e
                Copyright © .
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date accepted : 15 January 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: asthma,htlv-1 infections,rhinitis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: asthma, htlv-1 infections, rhinitis

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