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      The effect of bee pollen on bone biomechanical strength and trabecular bone histomorphometry in tibia of young Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica)

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          Abstract

          It has been demonstrated in numerous studies that bee pollen supplementation shows numerous positive effects on health. However, its impact on bones is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bee pollen supplementation on the tibia biomechanical properties and bone morphometric measures using Japanese quail as an animal model. The experiment was arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial design, with sex, quail line (meat-type or egg-lying type), and bee pollen inclusion (0 or 10 g/kg of feed) as factors. The quails were one-day-old at the beginning of the experiment, they were euthanized after 42 days. Our study showed for the first time unfavorable effects of bee pollen on bones properties. Bee pollen supplementation negatively affected bone structure, irrespective of quails’ sex or line type. Bone length (P < 0.001), weight (P < 0.01), and mean relative wall thickness (P < 0.01) and mineralization (P < 0.05) were reduced by bee pollen treatment. For female quails, irrespective of line type, the decrease of yield load (P < 0.001), ultimate load (P < 0.01), yield stress (P < 0.001) and ultimate stress (P < 0.05) was noted. Analysis of growth plate in bone metaphysis showed that bee pollen supplementation slowed the process of bone maturation irrespective of sex (P < 0.05). On contrary, dietary bee pollen positively affected bone homeostasis of trabecular bone in bone metaphysis as bone mineral density increased in experimental groups (P < 0.05). In males, this was the result of the increase of trabecular thickness (P < 0.01), in females due to the reduction of trabecular space (P < 0.001). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that bee pollen (1.0%, 10 g/kg of feed) supplementation caused significant negative effects on the mechanical endurance of the tibia of quails, while showed beneficial effects on trabecular bone histomorphometry.

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          Most cited references47

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          Wolff's Law and bone's structural adaptations to mechanical usage: an overview for clinicians.

          H. Frost (1994)
          Basic Multicellular Unit-based bone remodeling can lead to the removal or conservation of bone, but cannot add to it. Decreased mechanical usage (MU) and acute disuse result in loss of bone next to marrow; normal and hypervigorous MU result in bone conservation. Bone modeling by resorption and formation drifts can add bone and reshape the trabeculae and cortex to strengthen them but collectively they do not remove bone. Hypervigorous MU turns this modeling on, and its architectural effects then lower typical peak bone strains caused by future loads of the same kind to a threshold range. Decreased and normal MU leave this modeling off. Where typical peak bone strains stay below a 50 microstrain region (the MESr) the largest disuse effects on remodeling occur. Larger strains depress it and make it conserve existing bone. Strains above a 1500 microstrain region (the MESm) tend to turn lamellar bone modeling drifts on. By adding to, reshaping and strengthening bone, those drifts reduce future strains under the same mechanical loads towards that strain region. Strains above a 3000 microstrain region (the MESp) can turn woven bone drifts on to suppress local lamellar drifts but can strengthen bone faster than lamellar drifts can. Such strains also increase bone microdamage and the remodeling that normally repairs it. Those values compare to bone's fracture strain of about 25,000 microstrain.
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            Bone mechanical properties and changes with osteoporosis.

            This review will define the role of collagen and within-bone heterogeneity and elaborate the importance of trabecular and cortical architecture with regard to their effect on the mechanical strength of bone. For each of these factors, the changes seen with osteoporosis and ageing will be described and how they can compromise strength and eventually lead to bone fragility.
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              Bee Pollen: Chemical Composition and Therapeutic Application

              Bee pollen is a valuable apitherapeutic product greatly appreciated by the natural medicine because of its potential medical and nutritional applications. It demonstrates a series of actions such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer immunostimulating, and local analgesic. Its radical scavenging potential has also been reported. Beneficial properties of bee pollen and the validity for their therapeutic use in various pathological condition have been discussed in this study and with the currently known mechanisms, by which bee pollen modulates burn wound healing process.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: SoftwareRole: Visualization
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                18 March 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 3
                : e0230240
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
                [2 ] Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
                [3 ] Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
                [4 ] Bohdan Dobrzański Institute of Agrophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
                [5 ] Chair and Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
                [6 ] Department of Animal Production Techniques, Al- Furat Al- Awsat Technical University, Babylon, Iraq
                [7 ] Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
                University of Illinois, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-2653
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-6302
                Article
                PONE-D-19-24801
                10.1371/journal.pone.0230240
                7080246
                32187215
                2b38b3c2-89d7-4dbd-bb85-99f9be8e917b
                © 2020 Tomaszewska et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 3 September 2019
                : 26 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, Pages: 15
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Pollen
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Bees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Birds
                Fowl
                Gamefowl
                Quails
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Tibia
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Tibia
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Bone
                Bone Density
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Bone
                Bone Density
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Connective Tissue
                Bone
                Bone Density
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Connective Tissue
                Bone
                Bone Density
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Birds
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
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                All relevant data are within the paper.

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