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      Snake Venom PLA 2, a Promising Target for Broad-Spectrum Antivenom Drug Development

      review-article
      Author(s): , , , ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: BioMed Research International
      Publisher: Hindawi

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          Abstract

          Snakebite envenomation is a neglected global health problem, causing substantial mortality, disability, and psychological morbidity, especially in rural tropical and subtropical zones. Antivenin is currently the only specific medicine for envenomation. However, it is restricted by cold storage, snakebite diagnosis, and high price. Snake venom phospholipase A 2s (svPLA 2s) are found in all kinds of venomous snake families (e.g., Viperidae, Elapidae, and Colubridae). Along with their catalytic activity, svPLA 2s elicit a wide variety of pharmacological effects that play a pivotal role in envenomation damage. Hence, neutralization of the svPLA 2s could weaken or inhibit toxic damage. Here we overviewed the latest knowledge on the distribution, pathophysiological effects, and inhibitors of svPLA 2s to elucidate the potential for a novel, wide spectrum antivenom drug targeting svPLA 2s.

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          Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention.

          Edward A Dennis, Jian Cao, Yuan-Hao Hsu … (2011)
          Article 0 comments Cited 314 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Snake-bites: appraisal of the global situation.

            J Chippaux (1998)
            The true global incidence of envenomations and their severity remain largely misunderstood, except for a few countries where these accidents are rare or are correctly reported. Nevertheless, this information is essential for drawing up guidelines for dealing with snake-bites, to plan drug supplies, particularly antivenin, and to train medical staff on snake-bite treatments. Since the comprehensive review by Swaroop & Grab in 1954 no global survey has been carried out on snake-bite epidemiology. The present article is an attempt to draw the attention of health authorities to snake envenomations and urges them to prepare therapeutic protocols adapted to their needs.
            Article 0 comments Cited 248 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review.

              L Mishra, B. B. Singh, S Dagenais (2000)
              The objective of this paper is to review the literature regarding Withania somnifera (ashwagandha, WS) a commonly used herb in Ayurvedic medicine. Specifically, the literature was reviewed for articles pertaining to chemical properties, therapeutic benefits, and toxicity. This review is in a narrative format and consists of all publications relevant to ashwagandha that were identified by the authors through a systematic search of major computerized medical databases; no statistical pooling of results or evaluation of the quality of the studies was performed due to the widely different methods employed by each study. Studies indicate ashwagandha possesses anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antistress, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hemopoietic, and rejuvenating properties. It also appears to exert a positive influence on the endocrine, cardiopulmonary, and central nervous systems. The mechanisms of action for these properties are not fully understood. Toxicity studies reveal that ashwagandha appears to be a safe compound. Preliminary studies have found various constituents of ashwagandha exhibit a variety of therapeutic effects with little or no associated toxicity. These results are very encouraging and indicate this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects. Clinical trials using ashwagandha for a variety of conditions should also be conducted.
              Article 0 comments Cited 149 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Chunhong Huang:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1042-4355
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 November 2017
                Volume: 2017
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6592820
                Affiliations
                Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Ji-Fu Wei

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1042-4355
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2017/6592820
                PMC ID: 5727668
                SO-VID: 4a5c00ed-8d84-4042-8758-40b10583fd09
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 Huixiang Xiao et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 5 September 2017
                Date accepted : 30 October 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 31260209
                Award ID: 31460227
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province
                Award ID: 20171BAB204015
                Funded by: Cultivating Foundation of Young Scientists of Jiangxi Province
                Award ID: 20171BCB23018
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Data availability:

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