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      Perceived dilemma between protective measures and social isolation in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods study among Swiss nursing home directors

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          Abstract

          Background

          Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) particularly affected older adults, with the highest risks for nursing home residents. Stringent governmental protective measures for nursing homes unintendedly led to social isolation of residents. Nursing home directors (NDs) found themselves in a dilemma between implementing protective measures and preventing the social isolation of nursing home residents.

          Objectives

          The objectives of this study were to describe protective measures implemented, to investigate NDs’ perception of social isolation and its burden for nursing home residents due to these measures, and to explore experiences of NDs in the context of the dilemma.

          Methods

          Cross-sectional embedded mixed-method study carried out by an online survey between April 27 and June 09, 2022, among NDs in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. The survey consisted of 84 closed-ended and nine open-ended questions. Quantitative findings were analyzed with descriptive statistics and qualitative data were evaluated using content analysis.

          Results

          The survey was completed by 398 NDs (62.8% female, mean age 55 [48–58] years) out of 1′044 NDs invited.

          NDs were highly aware of the dilemma. The measures perceived as the most troublesome were restrictions to leave rooms, wards or the home, restrictions for visitors, and reduced group activities. NDs and their teams developed a variety of strategies to cope with the dilemma, but were burdened themselves by the dilemma.

          Conclusion

          As NDs were burdened themselves by the responsibility of how to deal best with the dilemma between protective measures and social isolation, supportive strategies for NDs are needed.

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          Most cited references35

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          Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.

          A Tong, P SAINSBURY, J. Craig (2007)
          Qualitative research explores complex phenomena encountered by clinicians, health care providers, policy makers and consumers. Although partial checklists are available, no consolidated reporting framework exists for any type of qualitative design. To develop a checklist for explicit and comprehensive reporting of qualitative studies (in depth interviews and focus groups). We performed a comprehensive search in Cochrane and Campbell Protocols, Medline, CINAHL, systematic reviews of qualitative studies, author or reviewer guidelines of major medical journals and reference lists of relevant publications for existing checklists used to assess qualitative studies. Seventy-six items from 22 checklists were compiled into a comprehensive list. All items were grouped into three domains: (i) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and (iii) data analysis and reporting. Duplicate items and those that were ambiguous, too broadly defined and impractical to assess were removed. Items most frequently included in the checklists related to sampling method, setting for data collection, method of data collection, respondent validation of findings, method of recording data, description of the derivation of themes and inclusion of supporting quotations. We grouped all items into three domains: (i) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and (iii) data analysis and reporting. The criteria included in COREQ, a 32-item checklist, can help researchers to report important aspects of the research team, study methods, context of the study, findings, analysis and interpretations.
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            Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area

            Safiya Richardson, Jamie Hirsch, Mangala Narasimhan … (2020)
            There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of US patients requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
            Article 0 comments Cited 4712 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Improving the Quality of Web Surveys: The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES)

              Gunther Eysenbach (2004)
              Analogous to checklists of recommendations such as the CONSORT statement (for randomized trials), or the QUORUM statement (for systematic reviews), which are designed to ensure the quality of reports in the medical literature, a checklist of recommendations for authors is being presented by the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) in an effort to ensure complete descriptions of Web-based surveys. Papers on Web-based surveys reported according to the CHERRIES statement will give readers a better understanding of the sample (self-)selection and its possible differences from a “representative” sample. It is hoped that author adherence to the checklist will increase the usefulness of such reports.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Stephanie Greindl: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2434200/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Stefania Di Gangi: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/604286/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                Andreas Plate: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2257370/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Oliver Senn: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1447914/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Stefan Neuner-Jehle: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1796220/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Public Health
                Title: Frontiers in Public Health
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2296-2565
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 March 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1292379
                Affiliations
                Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
                Author notes

                Edited by: Marcia G. Ory, Texas A&M University, United States

                Reviewed by: Vincenza Capone, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

                Qi Wang, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

                Patricia M. Alt, Towson University, United States

                Antonio Guaita, Fondazione Golgi Cenci, Italy

                Soohyoung Rain Lee, Yeshiva University, United States

                *Correspondence: Stefan Neuner-Jehle, Stefan.Neuner-Jehle@ 123456usz.ch

                †ORCID: Stephanie Greindl https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5930-2802

                Stefania Di Gangi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-6399

                Andreas Plate https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-5479

                Oliver Senn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4422-7250

                Stefan Neuner-Jehle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6260-8148

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1292379
                PMC ID: 10962325
                PubMed ID: 38528858
                SO-VID: 3dccf694-7c4e-4af1-8c24-5ee7eb493a78
                Copyright © Copyright © 2024 Greindl, Di Gangi, Plate, Senn and Neuner-Jehle.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 15 September 2023
                Date accepted : 18 January 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 10, Words: 6961
                Funding
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Internal resources of the Institute of Primary Care of the University of Zurich provided funding. There was no allowance for study participants.
                Categories
                Subject: Public Health
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                section-at-acceptance Aging and Public Health

                Keywords: covid-19 pandemic,protective measures,social isolation,nursing homes,nursing home residents,ethical dilemma,embedded mixed-method study
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19 pandemic, protective measures, social isolation, nursing homes, nursing home residents, ethical dilemma, embedded mixed-method study

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