Article Information
Group Information: The members of the Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration appear at the end
of the article.
Accepted for Publication: May 11, 2018.
Corresponding Author: Christina Fitzmaurice, MD, MPH, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute
for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave, Ste 600,
Seattle, WA 98121 (
cf11@
123456uw.edu
).
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
CC-BY License. © 2018 Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration.
JAMA Oncology.
Published Online: June 2, 2018. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706
The Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration Authors: The following investigators take authorship responsibility for the study results:
Christina Fitzmaurice, MD; Tomi F. Akinyemiju, PhD; Faris Hasan Al Lami, PhD; Tahiya
Alam, MPH; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, PhD; Christine Allen, BA; Ubai Alsharif, MPH; Nelson
Alvis-Guzman, PhD; Erfan Amini, MD; Benjamin O. Anderson, MD; Olatunde Aremu, PhD;
Al Artaman, PhD; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, MS; Reza Assadi, PhD; Tesfay Mehari
Atey, MS; Leticia Avila-Burgos, PhD; Ashish Awasthi, PhD; Huda Omer Ba Saleem, PhD;
Aleksandra Barac, PhD; James R. Bennett, BA; Isabela M. Bensenor, PhD; Nickhill Bhakta,
MD; Hermann Brenner, MD; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, PhD; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela,
MSc; Ferrán Catalá-López, PhD; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, PhD; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher,
MD; Sheng-Chia Chung, PhD; Maria Paula Curado, PhD; Lalit Dandona, MD; Rakhi Dandona,
PhD; José das Neves, PhD; Subhojit Dey, PhD; Samath D. Dharmaratne, MD; David Teye
Doku, PhD; Tim R. Driscoll, PhD; Manisha Dubey, MPhil; Hedyeh Ebrahimi, MPH; Dumessa
Edessa, MS; Ziad El-Khatib, PhD; Aman Yesuf Endries, MPH; Florian Fischer, PhD; Lisa
M. Force, MD; Kyle J. Foreman, PhD; Solomon Weldemariam Gebrehiwot, MS; Sameer Vali
Gopalani, MPH; Giuseppe Grosso, PhD; Rahul Gupta, MD; Bishal Gyawali, MPH; Randah
Ribhi Hamadeh, DPhil; Samer Hamidi, DrPH; James Harvey, BS; Hamid Yimam Hassen, MPH;
Roderick J. Hay, DM; Simon I. Hay, DSc; Behzad Heibati, PhD; Molla Kahssay Hiluf,
MPH; Nobuyuki Horita, MD; H. Dean Hosgood, PhD; Olayinka S. Ilesanmi, MD; Kaire Innos,
PhD; Farhad Islami, PhD; Mihajlo B. Jakovljevic, PhD; Sarah Charlotte Johnson, MSc;
Jost B. Jonas, MD; Amir Kasaeian, PhD; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, MS; Yousef Saleh Khader,
ScD; Ejaz Ahmad Khan, MD; Gulfaraz Khan, PhD; Young-Ho Khang, MD; Mohammad Hossein
Khosravi, MD; Jagdish Khubchandani, PhD; Jacek A. Kopec, PhD; G. Anil Kumar, PhD;
Michael Kutz; Deepesh Pravinkumar Lad, DM; Alessandra Lafranconi, MD; Qing Lan, PhD;
Yirga Legesse, MS; James Leigh, PhD; Shai Linn, MD; Raimundas Lunevicius, PhD; Azeem
Majeed, MD; Reza Malekzadeh, MD; Deborah Carvalho Malta, PhD; Lorenzo G. Mantovani,
DSc; Brian J. McMahon, MD; Toni Meier, PhD; Yohannes Adama Melaku, MPH; Mulugeta Melku,
MS; Peter Memiah, PhD; Walter Mendoza, MD; Tuomo J. Meretoja, PhD; Haftay Berhane
Mezgebe, MS; Ted R. Miller, PhD; Shafiu Mohammed, PhD; Ali H. Mokdad, PhD; Mahmood
Moosazadeh, PhD; Paula Moraga; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, PhD; Vinay Nangia, MD; Cuong
Tat Nguyen, MSc; Vuong Minh Nong, MSc; Felix Akpojene Ogbo, MPH; Andrew Toyin Olagunju,
MD; Mahesh PA, DNB; Eun-Kee Park, PhD; Tejas Patel, MD; David M. Pereira, PhD; Farhad
Pishgar, MD; Maarten J Postma, PhD; Farshad Pourmalek, PhD; Mostafa Qorbani, PhD;
Anwar Rafay, MS; Salman Rawaf, MD; David Laith Rawaf, MD; Gholamreza Roshandel, PhD;
Saeid Safiri, PhD; Hamideh Salimzadeh, PhD; Juan Ramon Sanabria, MD; Milena M. Santric
Milicevic, PhD; Benn Sartorius, PhD; Maheswar Satpathy, PhD; Sadaf G. Sepanlou, PhD;
Katya Anne Shackelford, BA; Masood Ali Shaikh, MD; Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, PhD; Jun
She, MD; Min-Jeong Shin, PhD; Ivy Shiue, PhD; Mark G. Shrime, MD; Abiy Hiruye Sinke,
MD; Mekonnen Sisay, MS; Amber Sligar, MPH; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, MBA; Bryan L.
Sykes, PhD; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, PhD; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, MPH; Roman Topor-Madry,
PhD; Tung Thanh Tran, MSc; Bach Xuan Tran, PhD; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, MD; Vasiliy
Victorovich Vlassov, MD; Stein Emil Vollset, DrPH; Elisabete Weiderpass, PhD; Hywel
C. Williams, DSc; Nigus Bililign Yimer, MS; Naohiro Yonemoto, MPH; Mustafa Z. Younis,
DrPH; Christopher J. L. Murray, DPhil; Mohsen Naghavi, PhD.
Affiliations of The Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration Authors: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
(Fitzmaurice); Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington,
Seattle (Fitzmaurice, Alam, Allen, Bennett, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, Foreman, Harvey,
S. I. Hay, Johnson, Kutz, Mokdad, Shackelford, Sligar, Vollset, Murray, Naghavi);
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (Fitzmaurice); Department
of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Akinyemiju); Baghdad College
of Medicine, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq (Al Lami); Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center,
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Alizadeh-Navaei); Charite University
Medicine Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Alsharif);
ALZAK Foundation–Universidad de la Costa, Universidad de Cartagena, Universidad de
Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia (Alvis-Guzman); Endocrinology and Metabolism
Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(Amini, Ebrahimi); Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran (Amini, Pishgar); University of Washington, Seattle (Anderson); Birmingham
City, University Department of Public Health and Therapies, Birmingham, England (Aremu);
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (Artaman); Mekelle University,
Mekelle, Ethiopia (Asgedom, Atey, Kassa, Legesse, Mezgebe); Mashhad University of
Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Assadi); National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca,
Morelos, Mexico (Avila-Burgos, Cahuana-Hurtado); Indian Institute of Public Health,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India (Awasthi); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden
University, Aden, Yemen (Ba Saleem); Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (Barac); University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo,
Brazil (Bensenor); St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Bhakta,
Force); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (Brenner); Colombian National
Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Bogota, DC, Colombia (Castañeda-Orjuela);
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (Castañeda-Orjuela); Department of Medicine,
University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia,
Spain (Catalá-López, Tabarés-Seisdedos); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital
Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (Catalá-López); Seoul National University Hospital,
Seoul, South Korea (Choi); Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South
Korea (Choi); Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India (Christopher);
The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, Institute of Health Informatics,
University College London, London, England (Chung); Accamargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo,
Sao Paulo, Brazil (Curado); International Prevention Research Institute, Ecully, France
(Curado); Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, National Capital Region, India
(L. Dandona, R. Dandona, Kumar); INEB–Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University
of Porto, Porto, Portugal (das Neves); i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em
Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (das Neves); Indian Institute of Public
Health, Delhi, India (Dey); Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Dharmaratne); University of Cape
Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana (Doku); University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (Doku); Sydney
School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
(Driscoll); International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra,
India (Dubey); Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease
Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran (Ebrahimi); Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia (Edessa, Sisay); Department
of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda (El-Khatib);
Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (El-Khatib);
Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, SNNPR, Ethiopia (Endries); School of Public Health,
Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (Fischer); Imperial
College London, London, England (Foreman, S. Rawaf); College of Health Sciences, Mekelle
University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Gebrehiwot); Department of Health and Social Affairs,
Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Pohnpei, Federated States
of Micronesia (Gopalani); University Hospital Policlinico “Vittorio Emanuele,” Catania,
Italy (Grosso); NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, England
(Grosso); West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston (Gupta); Aarhus University,
Aarhus, Denmark (Gyawali); Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain (Hamadeh); Haan
Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Hamidi); Mizan Tepi University,
Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia (Hassen); International Foundation for Dermatology, London,
England (R. J. Hay); King's College London, London, England (R. J. Hay); Oxford Big
Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University
of Oxford, Oxford, England (S. I. Hay); Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Heibati); Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia (Hiluf);
Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama,
Kanagawa, Japan (Horita); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
(Hosgood); National Public Health Institute, Monrovia, Monserrado County, Liberia
(Ilesanmi); National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia (Innos); Surveillance
and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia (Islami);
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Central Serbia,
Serbia (Jakovljevic); Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, University of Washington,
Seattle (Jakovljevic); Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University
Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Jonas); Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Kasaeian); Hematology-Oncology and Stem
Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran (Kasaeian); Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine,
Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan (Khader); Health Services
Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan (E. A. Khan); Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University,
Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (G. Khan); Department of Health Policy and
Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Khang);
Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Center,
Seoul, South Korea (Khang); Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(Khosravi); International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association (IORA), Universal
Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran (Khosravi); Department
of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana (Khubchandani);
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Kopec, Pourmalek);
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (Lad);
University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy (Lafranconi, Mantovani); National Cancer
Institute, Rockville, Maryland (Lan); University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia (Leigh); University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel (Linn); Aintree University Hospital
National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England (Lunevicius); School
of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England (Lunevicius); Department
of Primary Care & Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England (Majeed);
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran (Malekzadeh, Roshandel, Sepanlou); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Malta); Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage
(McMahon); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD),
Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Germany (Meier); School of Medicine,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Melaku); School of Public
Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Melaku); University of Gondar, Gondar,
Ethiopia (Melku, Tessema); University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida (Memiah);
United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru (Mendoza); Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Meretoja); University
of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Meretoja); Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation,
Calverton, Maryland (Miller); School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western
Australia, Australia (Miller); Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria, Nigeria (Mohammed); Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University,
Heidelberg, Baden Wuettemberg, Germany (Mohammed); Health Science Research Center,
Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Moosazadeh);
Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England (Moraga); Department
of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Mousavi); Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra,
India (Nangia); Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang,
Vietnam (Nguyen, Nong, T. T. Tran); Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University,
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ogbo); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine,
University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria (Olagunju); Department of Psychiatry,
Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria (Olagunju); Discipline of Psychiatry,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Olagunju); JSS Medical
College (PA), JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India (PA); Department of Medical
Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South
Korea (Park); White Plains Hospital, White Plains, New York (Patel); REQUIMTE/LAQV,
Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade
do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Pereira); Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Pishgar); University Medical Center
Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (Postma); University of Groningen, Groningen,
the Netherlands (Postma); Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University
of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (Qorbani); Contech International Health Consultants,
Lahore, Pakistan (Rafay); Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan (Rafay);
North Hampshire Hospitals, Basingstroke, England (D. L. Rawaf); University College
London Hospitals, London, England (D. L. Rawaf); WHO Collaborating Centre, Imperial
College of London, London, England (D. L. Rawaf); Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology
and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran (Roshandel);
Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing
and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran (Safiri); Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Salimzadeh); Joan C. Edwards School
of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia (Sanabria); Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Sanabria); Centre School of Public Health and
Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade,
Serbia (Santric Milicevic); Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (Santric Milicevic); Public Health Medicine,
School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
(Sartorius); UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, South African Medical Research
Council, Durban, South Africa (Sartorius); Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology,
Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India (Satpathy); Independent Consultant, Karachi,
Pakistan (Shaikh); Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Sharif-Alhoseini); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan
Hospital (She), Fudan University, Shanghai, China (She); Department of Public Health
Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea (Shin); Alzheimer Scotland Dementia
Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (Shiue); Institut für
Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie und Informatik, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg,
Saale, Germany (Shiue); Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda (Shrime); Ethiopian
Medical Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Sinke); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
Nigeria (Sufiyan); Departments of Criminology, Law & Society, Sociology, and Public
Health, University of California, Irvine (Sykes); University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
South Australia, Australia (Tessema); Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health
Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland (Topor-Madry); Faculty
of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland (Topor-Madry); Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (B. X. Tran); Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi,
Vietnam (B. X. Tran); Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital,
Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria (Ukwaja); National Research University Higher School
of Economics, Moscow, Russia (Vlassov); Department of Research, Cancer Registry of
Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway (Weiderpass);
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø,
The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway (Weiderpass); Genetic Epidemiology
Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (Weiderpass); Department of Medical
Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Weiderpass);
Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
(Williams); Woldia University, Woldia, Amhara, Ethiopia (Yimer); Department of Biostatistics,
School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Yonemoto); Jackson State
University, Jackson, Mississippi (Younis).
Author Contributions: Dr Fitzmaurice had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility
for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Fitzmaurice, Dubey, Foreman, Hay, Leigh, Malekzadeh, Rawaf, Satpathy, Shiue, Tessema,
Younis, Murray, Naghavi.
Acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data: Fitzmaurice, Akinyemiju, Al Lami, Alam, Alizadeh-Navaei, Allen, Alsharif, Alvis-Guzman,
Amini, Anderson, Aremu, Artaman, Asgedom, Assadi, Atey, Avila-Burgos, Awasthi, Barac,
BaSaleem, Bennett, Bensenor, Bhakta, Brenner, Cahuana-Hurtado, Castañeda-Orjuela,
Catalá-López, Choi, Christopher, Chung, Curado, Dandona, Dandona, das Neves, Dey,
Dharmaratne, Doku, Driscoll, Dubey, Ebrahimi, Edessa, El-Khatib, Endries, Fischer,
Force, Gebrehiwot, Gopalani, Grosso, Gupta, Gyawali, Hamadeh, Hamidi, Harvey, Hassen,
Hay, Heibati, Hiluf, Horita, Hosgood, Ilesanmi, Innos, Islami, Jakovljevic, Johnson,
Jonas, Kasaeian, Kassa, Khader, Khan, Khan, Khang, Khosravi, Khubchandani, Kopec,
Kumar, Kutz, Lad, Lafranconi, Lan, Legesse, Leigh, Linn, Lunevicius, Majeed, Malta,
Mantovani, McMahon, Meier, Melaku, Melku, Memiah, Mendoza, Meretoja, Mezgebe, Miller,
Mohammed, Mokdad, Moosazadeh, Moraga, Mousavi, Nangia, Nguyen, Nong, Ogbo, Olagunju,
P.A, Park, Patel, Pereira, Pishgar, Postma, Pourmalek, Qorbani, Rafay, Rawaf, Roshandel,
Safiri, Salimzadeh, Sanabria, Santric Milicevic, Sartorius, Satpathy, Shackelford,
Shaikh, Sharif-Alhoseini, She, Shin, Shrime, Sinke, Sisay, Sligar, Sufiyan, Sykes,
Tabarés-Seisdedos, Topor-Madry Tran, Tran, Ukwaja, Vlassov, Vollset, Weiderpass, Williams,
Yimer, Yonemoto, Murray, Naghavi.
Drafting of the manuscript: Fitzmaurice, Akinyemiju, Allen, Awasthi, Dubey, Grosso, Harvey, Leigh, Moosazadeh,
Rawaf, Sanabria, Satpathy, Satpathy, Tessema.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Al Lami, Alam, Alizadeh-Navaei, Alsharif, Alvis-Guzman, Amini, Anderson, Aremu, Artaman,
Asgedom, Assadi, Atey, Avila-Burgos, Awasthi, Barac, BaSaleem, Bennett, Bensenor,
Bhakta, Brenner, Cahuana-Hurtado, Castañeda-Orjuela, Catalá-López, Choi, Christopher,
Chung, Curado, Dandona, Dandona, das Neves, Dey, Dharmaratne, Doku, Driscoll, Dubey,
Ebrahimi, Edessa, El-Khatib, Endries, Fischer, Force, Foreman, Gebrehiwot, Gopalani,
Grosso, Gupta, Gyawali, Hamadeh, Hamidi, Hassen, Hay, Hay, Heibati, Hiluf, Horita,
Hosgood, Ilesanmi, Innos, Islami, Jakovljevic, Johnson, Jonas, Kasaeian, Kassa, Khader,
Khan, Khan, Khang, Khosravi, Khubchandani, Kopec, Kumar, Kutz, Lad, Lafranconi, Lan,
Legesse, Leigh, Linn, Lunevicius, Majeed, Malekzadeh, Malta, Mantovani, McMahon, Meier,
Melaku, Melku, Memiah, Mendoza, Meretoja, Mezgebe, Miller, Mohammed, Mokdad, Moraga,
Mousavi, Nangia, Nguyen, Nong, Ogbo, Olagunju, P.A, Park, Patel, Pereira, Pishgar,
Postma, Pourmalek, Qorbani, Rafay, Rawaf, Rawaf, Roshandel, Safiri, Salimzadeh, Sanabria,
Santric Milicevic, Sartorius, Satpathy, Sepanlou, Shackelford, Shaikh, Sharif-Alhoseini,
She, Shin, Shiue, Shrime, Sinke, Sisay, Sligar, Sufiyan, Sykes, Tabarés-Seisdedos,
Topor-Madry Tran, Tran, Ukwaja, Vlassov, Vollset, Weiderpass, Williams, Yimer, Yonemoto,
Younis, Murray, Naghavi.
Statistical analysis: Fitzmaurice, Allen, Aremu, Asgedom, BaSaleem, Bennett, Cahuana-Hurtado, Dandona,
Endries, Foreman, Gebrehiwot, Harvey, Hassen, Kasaeian, Khader, Khubchandani, Kutz,
Legesse, Meier, Memiah, Mohammed, Mokdad, Olagunju, Qorbani, Rawaf, Safiri, Satpathy,
Sykes, Tran, Ukwaja, Younis, Naghavi.
Obtaining funding: Murray.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Akinyemiju, Alam, Alizadeh-Navaei, Allen, Amini, Awasthi, Barac, BaSaleem, Bensenor,
Catalá-López, Dandona, Dey, Dubey, Ebrahimi, Gupta, Hay, Horita, Ilesanmi, Johnson,
Khosravi, Kumar, Lan, Leigh, Malekzadeh, Mohammed, Mokdad, P.A, Pereira, Pishgar,
Satpathy, Shackelford, Shaikh, Sisay, Sligar, Ukwaja, Younis.
Study supervision: Allen, Christopher, das Neves, Foreman, Mokdad, Satpathy, Vollset, Murray.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Postma reports that he has received grants and honoraria from GSK, Pfizer, Vertex,
BMS, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Takeda, MSD, Sanofi, SPMSD, Janssen, Novartis, IMS,
Roche, Ingress Health, Astra Zeneca, Virology Education, AbbVie, Mundipharma, Creativ
Ceutical, and Medica Market Access. Dr. Shrime has received grants from the GE foundation
and the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. No other disclosures are reported.
Funding/Support: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation received funding from the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, data collection,
management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval
of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication design, data
collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of this paper.
Meeting Presentation: This article was presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2018
Meeting; June 2, 2018; Chicago, Illinois.