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      Panorama des pathologies infectieuses et non infectieuses de Guyane en 2022 Translated title: Overview of infectious and non-infectious diseases in French Guiana in 2022

      research-article
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      Médecine Tropicale et Santé Internationale
      MTSI
      Guyane, Amérique du sud, Médecine des voyages, Médecine tropicale, Épidémiologie, French Guiana, South America, Travel medicine, Tropical medicine, Epidemiology

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          Résumé

          Source de nombreux mythes, la Guyane représente un territoire exceptionnel par la richesse de sa biodiversité et par la variété des communautés qui la composent. Seul territoire européen en Amazonie, entouré du géant brésilien et du méconnu Suriname, on y lance des fusées Ariane 6 depuis Kourou tandis que 50% de la population vit en dessous du seuil de pauvreté. Cette situation paradoxale est source de problématiques de santé spécifiques à ce territoire, qu'il s'agisse de maladies infectieuses à germes méconnus, d'intoxications, ou de pathologies chroniques.

          Certaines maladies infectieuses telles que la fièvre Q, la toxoplasmose, la cryptococcose ou l'infection à VIH sont communes aux pays tempérés, mais présentent en Guyane des spécificités entraînant une prise en charge et un raisonnement médical parfois différents. Parallèlement à ces pathologies, de nombreuses maladies tropicales sont par ailleurs présentes sur un mode endémique et / ou épidémique telles que le paludisme, la leishmaniose, la maladie de Chagas, l'histoplasmose ou la dengue.

          De plus, la dermatologie amazonienne est extrêmement variée, allant de pathologies rares, mais graves (ulcère de Buruli, lèpre), à d'autres fréquentes et bénignes telles que les poux d'agouti (acariens de la famille des Trombiculidae) ou la papillonite. Les envenimations par la faune sauvage ne sont pas rares, et méritent une prise en charge appropriée au taxon incriminé. Les pathologies obstétricale, cardiovasculaire et métabolique cosmopolites prennent parfois en Guyane une dimension particulière à prendre en compte dans la prise en charge des patients. Enfin, différents types d'intoxication sont à connaître par les praticiens, notamment aux métaux lourds.

          Les ressources de niveau européen offrent des possibilités diagnostiques et thérapeutiques inexistantes dans les pays et régions des environs, permettant ainsi la prise en charge de maladies peu connues ailleurs.

          Du fait de ces mêmes ressources de niveau européen, la recherche en Guyane occupe une place clé au sein de la région amazonienne, malgré une population moins nombreuse que dans les pays alentour. Ainsi, certaines pathologies telles que l'histoplasmose du patient immunodéprimé, la toxoplasmose amazonienne ou la fièvre Q ne sont pratiquement pas décrites dans les pays voisins, probablement du fait d'un sous-diagnostic lié à des ressources plus limitées. La Guyane joue ainsi un rôle moteur dans l’étude de ces pathologies.

          L'objectif de ce panorama est d'orienter les soignants venant ou exerçant en Guyane dans leur pratique quotidienne, mais également les praticiens prenant en charge des personnes au retour de Guyane.

          Translated abstract

          Source of many myths, French Guiana represents an exceptional territory due to the richness of its biodiversity and the variety of its communities. The only European territory in Amazonia, surrounded by the Brazilian giant and the little-known Suriname, Ariane 6 rockets are launched from Kourou while 50% of the population lives below the poverty line. This paradoxical situation is a source of health problems specific to this territory, whether they be infectious diseases with unknown germs, intoxications or chronic pathologies.

          Some infectious diseases such as Q fever, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis or HIV infection are in common with temperate countries, but present specificities leading to sometimes different management and medical reasoning. In addition to these pathologies, many tropical diseases are present in an endemic and / or epidemic mode such as malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, histoplasmosis or dengue. Besides, Amazonian dermatology is extremely varied, ranging from rare but serious pathologies (Buruli ulcer, leprosy) to others which are frequent and benign such as agouti lice (mites of the family Trombiculidae) or papillonitis. Envenomations by wild fauna are not rare, and deserve an appropriate management of the incriminated taxon. Obstetrical, cardiovascular and metabolic cosmopolitan pathologies sometimes take on a particular dimension in French Guiana that must be taken into account in the management of patients. Finally, different types of intoxication are to be known by practitioners, especially due to heavy metals.

          European-level resources offer diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities that do not exist in the surrounding countries and regions, thus allowing the management of diseases that are not well known elsewhere.

          Thanks to these same European-level resources, research in Guyana occupies a key place within the Amazon region, despite a smaller population than in the surrounding countries. Thus, certain pathologies such as histoplasmosis of the immunocompromised patient, Amazonian toxoplasmosis or Q fever are hardly described in neighboring countries, probably due to under-diagnosis linked to more limited resources. French Guiana plays a leading role in the study of these diseases.

          The objective of this overview is to guide health care providers coming to or practicing in French Guiana in their daily practice, but also practitioners taking care of people returning from French Guiana.

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          Most cited references355

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          Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

          Summary Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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            Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis.

            Infections with certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been identified as strong risk factors for specific cancers. An update of their respective contribution to the global burden of cancer is warranted. We considered infectious agents classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We calculated their population attributable fraction worldwide and in eight geographical regions, using statistics on estimated cancer incidence in 2008. When associations were very strong, calculations were based on the prevalence of infection in cancer cases rather than in the general population. Estimates of infection prevalence and relative risk were extracted from published data. Of the 12·7 million new cancer cases that occurred in 2008, the population attributable fraction (PAF) for infectious agents was 16·1%, meaning that around 2 million new cancer cases were attributable to infections. This fraction was higher in less developed countries (22·9%) than in more developed countries (7·4%), and varied from 3·3% in Australia and New Zealand to 32·7% in sub-Saharan Africa. Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B and C viruses, and human papillomaviruses were responsible for 1·9 million cases, mainly gastric, liver, and cervix uteri cancers. In women, cervix uteri cancer accounted for about half of the infection-related burden of cancer; in men, liver and gastric cancers accounted for more than 80%. Around 30% of infection-attributable cases occur in people younger than 50 years. Around 2 million cancer cases each year are caused by infectious agents. Application of existing public health methods for infection prevention, such as vaccination, safer injection practice, or antimicrobial treatments, could have a substantial effect on the future burden of cancer worldwide. Fondation Innovations en Infectiologie (FINOVI) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

              A panel of national experts was convened by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) to update the 2005 guidelines for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). The panel's recommendations were developed to be concordant with the recently published IDSA guidelines for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. The focus of this guideline is the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of diverse SSTIs ranging from minor superficial infections to life-threatening infections such as necrotizing fasciitis. In addition, because of an increasing number of immunocompromised hosts worldwide, the guideline addresses the wide array of SSTIs that occur in this population. These guidelines emphasize the importance of clinical skills in promptly diagnosing SSTIs, identifying the pathogen, and administering effective treatments in a timely fashion. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Med Trop Sante Int
                Med Trop Sante Int
                MTSI
                Médecine Tropicale et Santé Internationale
                MTSI
                2778-2034
                2778-2034
                31 March 2023
                17 February 2023
                : 3
                : 1
                : mtsi.v3i1.2023.308
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Unité des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [2 ]Centre d'investigation clinique Guyane (Inserm CIC 1424), Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [3 ]Département des maladies infectieuses, Centre hospitalier de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, Mayotte
                [4 ]Unité carcérale de soins ambulatoires, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [5 ]Service de dermatologie, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [6 ]Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, Centre hospitalier de l'ouest guyanais, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane
                [7 ]Laboratoire de biologie médicale, Centre hospitalier de l'ouest guyanais, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane
                [8 ]Agence régionale de santé de Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane
                [9 ]Santé publique France, Cayenne, Guyane
                [10 ]Service de neurologie, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [11 ]TBIP (Tropical Biome and ImmunoPhysiopathology), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane
                [12 ]Laboratoire hospitalo-universitaire de parasitologie et mycologie, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée-Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane
                [13 ]Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 et Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
                [14 ]Service de pédiatrie, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [15 ]Laboratoire de virologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane
                [16 ]Service de cardiologie, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [17 ]Service d'accueil des urgences et SAMU, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [18 ]Pôle des Centres délocalisés de prévention et de soins, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [19 ]Service de réanimation, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [20 ]Service de médecine, Centre hospitalier de Kourou, Kourou, Guyane
                [21 ]Laboratoire des interactions virus-hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane
                [22 ]Croix-Rouge française de Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane
                [23 ]Laboratoire Écologie, évolution, interactions des systèmes amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, Cayenne, Guyane
                [24 ]COREVIH (Comité de coordination de la lutte contre les infections sexuellement transmissibles et le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine), Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [25 ]Service d'endocrinologie-diabétologie et maladies métaboliques, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                [26 ]Service de médecine, Centre hospitalier de l'ouest guyanais, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Guyane
                [27 ]Direction interarmées du service de santé (DIASS)
                [28 ]Laboratoire Eurofins Guyane, site de Kourou, Centre hospitalier de Kourou, Guyane
                [29 ]Service de radiologie, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Guyane
                Article
                10.48327/mtsi.v3i1.2023.308
                10300792
                63027f74-7f6a-49fb-97dd-863539d5cd79
                Copyright © 2023 SFMTSI

                Cet article en libre accès est distribué selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 August 2022
                : 15 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 77, Tables: 3, References: 379, Pages: 123
                Categories
                Numéro Spécial
                Special Issue

                guyane,amérique du sud,médecine des voyages,médecine tropicale,épidémiologie,french guiana,south america,travel medicine,tropical medicine,epidemiology

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