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      Presumptive Contamination: A New Approach to PFAS Contamination Based on Likely Sources

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          <p class="first" id="d1465214e312"> <div class="figure-container so-text-align-c"> <img alt="" class="figure" src="/document_file/d24d6f61-a03e-4f3e-8bc1-fa978c48397b/PubMedCentral/image/ez2c00502_0003"/> </div> </p><p id="d1465214e314">While research and regulatory attention to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has increased exponentially in recent years, data are uneven and incomplete about the scale, scope, and severity of PFAS releases and resulting contamination in the United States. This paper argues that in the absence of high-quality testing data, <i>PFAS contamination can be presumed</i> around three types of facilities: (1) fluorinated aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) discharge sites, (2) certain industrial facilities, and (3) sites related to PFAS-containing waste. While data are incomplete on all three types of presumptive PFAS contamination sites, we integrate available geocoded, nationwide data sets into a single map of presumptive contamination sites in the United States, identifying 57,412 sites of presumptive PFAS contamination: 49,145 industrial facilities, 4,255 wastewater treatment plants, 3,493 current or former military sites, and 519 major airports. This conceptual approach allows governments, industries, and communities to rapidly and systematically identify potential exposure sources. </p>

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          Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants

          Xindi C. Hu, David Q. Andrews, Andrew B Lindstrom … (2016)
          Drinking water contamination with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses risks to the developmental, immune, metabolic, and endocrine health of consumers. We present a spatial analysis of 2013–2015 national drinking water PFAS concentrations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) program. The number of industrial sites that manufacture or use these compounds, the number of military fire training areas, and the number of wastewater treatment plants are all significant predictors of PFAS detection frequencies and concentrations in public water supplies. Among samples with detectable PFAS levels, each additional military site within a watershed’s eight-digit hydrologic unit is associated with a 20% increase in PFHxS, a 10% increase in both PFHpA and PFOA, and a 35% increase in PFOS. The number of civilian airports with personnel trained in the use of aqueous film-forming foams is significantly associated with the detection of PFASs above the minimal reporting level. We find drinking water supplies for 6 million U.S. residents exceed US EPA’s lifetime health advisory (70 ng/L) for PFOS and PFOA. Lower analytical reporting limits and additional sampling of smaller utilities serving <10000 individuals and private wells would greatly assist in further identifying PFAS contamination sources.
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            An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

            Juliane Glüge, Martin Scheringer, Ian T Cousins … (2020)
            Systematic description of more than 200 uses of PFAS and the individual substances associated with each of them (over 1400 PFAS in total). Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of concern because of their high persistence (or that of their degradation products) and their impacts on human and environmental health that are known or can be deduced from some well-studied PFAS. Currently, many different PFAS (on the order of several thousands) are used in a wide range of applications, and there is no comprehensive source of information on the many individual substances and their functions in different applications. Here we provide a broad overview of many use categories where PFAS have been employed and for which function; we also specify which PFAS have been used and discuss the magnitude of the uses. Despite being non-exhaustive, our study clearly demonstrates that PFAS are used in almost all industry branches and many consumer products. In total, more than 200 use categories and subcategories are identified for more than 1400 individual PFAS. In addition to well-known categories such as textile impregnation, fire-fighting foam, and electroplating, the identified use categories also include many categories not described in the scientific literature, including PFAS in ammunition, climbing ropes, guitar strings, artificial turf, and soil remediation. We further discuss several use categories that may be prioritised for finding PFAS-free alternatives. Besides the detailed description of use categories, the present study also provides a list of the identified PFAS per use category, including their exact masses for future analytical studies aiming to identify additional PFAS.
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              Scientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class

              Carol Kwiatkowski, David Q. Andrews, Linda S. Birnbaum … (2020)
              Article 0 comments Cited 136 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Title: Environmental Science & Technology Letters
                Abbreviated Title: Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.
                Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
                ISSN (Print): 2328-8930
                ISSN (Electronic): 2328-8930
                Publication date (Electronic): October 12 2022
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
                [2 ]Department of Sociology and Anthropology and Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
                [3 ]Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
                [4 ]National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
                [5 ]Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
                [6 ]Milieu Consulting, 1060 Brussels, Belgium
                [7 ]National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and U.S. Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
                [8 ]Health and Environment Program, Commonweal, Bolinas, California 94924, United States
                [9 ]PFAS Project Lab, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
                [10 ]Department of Health Sciences and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
                [11 ]Department of Sociology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
                Article
                DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00502
                SO-VID: 75c1a760-cd5c-41b9-8ba0-452658c1f782
                Copyright © © 2022
                License:

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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