El proyecto Epicardian: un estudio de cohortes sobre enfermedades y factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en ancianos españoles: consideraciones metodológicas y principales hallazgos demográficos

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Abstract

Fundamentos: A pesar de que la incidencia de cardiopatía isquémica es más alta en sujetos mayores de 65 años, la mayor parte de la investigación cardiovascular se ha centrado en la población adulta de mediana edad, careciendo en España hasta la fecha de un estudio de cohortes en este grupo de población. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar el papel y la metodología de los estudios de cohortes como herramienta epidemiológica imprescindible para la investigación de la prevalencia e incidencia de angina, IAM, ictus, y sus principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Métodos: Estudio de cohortes en tres zonas de España: Madrid (barrio de Lista), Arévalo (Avila) y Begonte (Lugo). Muestra aleatoria estratificada por edad y sexo a partir de los padrones municipales de cada zona y municipio (n=5,079). Evaluación basal de la cohorte en dos fases: domiciliaria mediante encuesta estructurada para cribado de enfermedad isquémica cardiaca y factores de riesgo clásicos (hipertensión, dislipemia, diabetes y tabaquismo) y clínica para confirmación de casos. En la fase de seguimiento se utilizó el «método de búsqueda en frío» del proyecto MONICA modificado para la búsqueda e indagación de casos incidentes usando todos los informes clínicos hospitalarios y de atención primaria para la confirmación del evento cardiovascular. Adicionalmente se solicitó al INE información sobre causa y fecha de la muerte de los individuos de la cohorte fallecidos. Resultados: La prevalencia global de IAM seguro fue del 4% (IC 95%: 3,4% y 4,5%), y de IAM seguro más probables del 6,2% (IC 95%: 5,5-6,9). La prevalencia de IAM seguro fue más elevada en los varones 6,7 % (IC 95%:5,63-7,79) que en las mujeres, 2% (IC 95%:1,51-2,55) (p< 0,001). La prevalencia de hipertensión según criterios JNCVI fue 68%, de hipercolesterolemia 26,4% según criterios del NCEP, de diabetes 13,4% según criterios de la OMS y el 11,3% eran fumadores. La incidencia acumulada en 3,2 años de IAM seguro no fatal fue del 1,4% (IC 95%: 1,1-1,8); 1,1% (IC95%:0,74-1,37) de IAM posible; 1,17 (IC95%: 0,824-1,48) de IAM seguro fatal o muerte por IAM y 1,13% (IC 95%: 0,824-1,48) de muerte súbita. Conclusiones: La población de ancianos incluida en este estudio presenta una elevada prevalencia de factores de riego cardiovascular, así como tasas de incidencia de cardiopatía isquémica tres veces superiores a las de la población adulta española de mediana edad. En las mujeres, el perfil de riesgo es significativamente peor que en los hombres, lo que puede ser debido a la mayor mortalidad en edades más precoces en el sexo masculino.

Translated abstract

Background: Despite a greater incidence of ischemic heart disease among individuals over age 65, most cardiovascular research has been focused on the middle-aged adult population. To date no cohort study on this population have been made in Spain. This study is aimed as reviewing the role and methodology of cohort studies as an epidemiological tool absolutely essential for researching the prevalence and incidence of angina, AMI, stroke and the major cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Cohort study in three areas of Spain (Lista district in Madrid), Arevalo (Avila) and Begonte (Lugo).Age and sex stratified random sample by based on the municipal censuses of each area and municipality (n=5,079). Two-stage initial cohort assessment: home survey structured for the screening ischemic heart disease and classic risk factors (hypertension, dyslipemia, diabetes and smoking habit) and clinical assesment for case confirmation. In the follow-up phase the MONICA project «cold pursuit» method modified for pin-pointing and investigating indicent cases was used, employing all of the hospital and primary care clinical records for confirming the cardiovascular event. Data was also requested from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics as to the cause and date of death of the deceased individuals in the cohort. Results: The overall AMI prevalence was 4% (95% CI: 3.4%, 4.5%); definite plus probable AMI being 6.2% (95% CI: 5.5-6.9). The definite AMI prevalence was higher among the men 6.7% (95% CI: 5.63-7.79) than among the women, 2% (95% CI: 1.51-2.55) (p< 0.001). Hypertension prevalence according to JNCVI criteria was 68%, hypercholesterolemia 26.4% according to NCEP criteria, diabetes prevalence 13.4% according to WHO criteria, and 11.3% were smokers. The cumulative incidence for a 3.2-year period for non-fatal definite AMI was 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1-1.8); 1.1% (95% CI: 0.74-1.37) probable AMI; 1.17 (IC95%: 0.824-1.48) for fatal definite AMI or death due to AMI and 1.13% (IC 95%: 0.824-1.48) for sudden death. Conclusions: The elderly population included in this study shows a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, as well as ischemic heart disease incidence rates three times higher than those of the middle-aged adult population in Spain. The risk profile for women is significantly worse than for men, which may be due to the higher death rate at earlier ages among men.

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Trends in the incidence of myocardial infarction and in mortality due to coronary heart disease, 1987 to 1994.

Sarah Cooper, Hualei Wang, G Heiss … (1998)

To clarify the determinants of contemporary trends in mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), we conducted surveillance of hospital admissions for myocardial infarction and of in-hospital and out-of-hospital deaths due to CHD among 35-to-74-year-old residents of four communities of varying size in the United States (a total of 352,481 persons in 1994). Between 1987 and 1994, we estimate that there were 11,869 hospitalizations for myocardial infarction (on the basis of 8572 hospitalizations sampled) and 3407 fatal coronary events (3023 sampled). The largest average annual decrease in mortality due to CHD occurred among white men (change in mortality, -4.7 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, -2.2 to -7.1 percent), followed by white women (-4.5 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, -0.7 to -8.2 percent), black women (-4.1 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, -10.3 to +2.5 percent), and black men (-2.5 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, -6.9 to +2.2 percent). Overall, in-hospital mortality from CHD fell by 5.1 percent per year, whereas out-of-hospital mortality declined by 3.6 percent per year. There was no evidence of a decline in the incidence of hospitalization for a first myocardial infarction among either men or women; in fact, such hospital admissions increased by 7.4 percent per year (95 percent confidence interval for the change, +0.5 to +14.8 percent) among black women and 2.9 percent per year (95 percent confidence interval, -3.6 to +9.9 percent) among black men. Rates of recurrent myocardial infarction decreased, and survival after myocardial infarction improved. From 1987 to 1994, we observed a stable or slightly increasing incidence of hospitalization for myocardial infarction. Nevertheless, there were significant annual decreases in mortality from CHD. The decline in mortality in the four communities we studied may be due largely to improvements in the treatment and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction.