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      Challenges of intervention, treatment, and antibiotic resistance of biofilm-forming microorganisms

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          Abstract

          Background

          Biofilms are multicellular communities of microorganisms held together by a self-produced extracellular matrix. The ability of microbes to form biofilm is a universal, ubiquitous, and dynamic process. This dynamic process of biofilms establishes an important strategy to withstand and survive harsh environmental conditions and antimicrobial agents.

          Objective

          This review paper aims to give an overview of antibiotic resistance, intervention, and treatment of infections caused by biofilm-forming organisms. Moreover, it can also help to motivate scholars to search for new anti-biofilm strategies and most appropriate methods to tackle the effect of biofilm infections on healthcare services.

          Methods

          This paper was written by reviewing recent research and review articles which are reporting about the antibiotic resistance, prevention, and treatment of biofilm-producing organisms.

          Conclusion

          Bioprospecting for quorum quenching compounds can be an appropriate solution for controlling biofilm infections.

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          Most cited references89

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          Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria.

          Christopher M Waters, Bonnie L Bassler (2005)
          Bacteria communicate with one another using chemical signal molecules. As in higher organisms, the information supplied by these molecules is critical for synchronizing the activities of large groups of cells. In bacteria, chemical communication involves producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to small hormone-like molecules termed autoinducers . This process, termed quorum sensing, allows bacteria to monitor the environment for other bacteria and to alter behavior on a population-wide scale in response to changes in the number and/or species present in a community. Most quorum-sensing-controlled processes are unproductive when undertaken by an individual bacterium acting alone but become beneficial when carried out simultaneously by a large number of cells. Thus, quorum sensing confuses the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes because it enables bacteria to act as multicellular organisms. This review focuses on the architectures of bacterial chemical communication networks; how chemical information is integrated, processed, and transduced to control gene expression; how intra- and interspecies cell-cell communication is accomplished; and the intriguing possibility of prokaryote-eukaryote cross-communication.
          Article 0 comments Cited 921 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms.

            Philip Stewart, Michael J Franklin (2008)
            Biofilms contain bacterial cells that are in a wide range of physiological states. Within a biofilm population, cells with diverse genotypes and phenotypes that express distinct metabolic pathways, stress responses and other specific biological activities are juxtaposed. The mechanisms that contribute to this genetic and physiological heterogeneity include microscale chemical gradients, adaptation to local environmental conditions, stochastic gene expression and the genotypic variation that occurs through mutation and selection. Here, we discuss the processes that generate chemical gradients in biofilms, the genetic and physiological responses of the bacteria as they adapt to these gradients and the techniques that can be used to visualize and measure the microscale physiological heterogeneities of bacteria in biofilms.
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              Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease.

              Kim Lewis (2007)
              Several well-recognized puzzles in microbiology have remained unsolved for decades. These include latent bacterial infections, unculturable microorganisms, persister cells and biofilm multidrug tolerance. Accumulating evidence suggests that these seemingly disparate phenomena result from the ability of bacteria to enter into a dormant (non-dividing) state. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation of dormant persister cells are now being unravelled and are the focus of this Review.
              Article 0 comments Cited 595 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Gebreselema Gebreyohannes
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 19 August 2019
                Publication date Collection: August 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 August 2019
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: e02192
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Mekelle Institute of Technology, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
                [b ]Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology, and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
                [c ]Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
                [d ]Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. gselamta21@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2405-8440(19)35852-9 Publisher ID: e02192
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02192
                PMC ID: 6709409
                SO-VID: 4b9660bd-5ed4-47bb-ac75-0f987a928ef6
                Copyright © © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 4 March 2019
                Date revision received : 17 June 2019
                Date accepted : 29 July 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: microbiology,biofilms,intervention,treatment,antibiotic resistance,quorum sensing
                Data availability:
                Keywords: microbiology, biofilms, intervention, treatment, antibiotic resistance, quorum sensing

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