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      Fecal calprotectin and C-reactive protein are associated with positive findings in capsule endoscopy in suspected small bowel Crohn's disease Translated title: Calprotectina y proteína C reactiva se asocian a hallazgos en cápsula endoscópica de pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad de Crohn de intestino delgado

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          Abstract

          Background and aims: Capsule endoscopy is an extended tool for the diagnosis of small bowel Crohn's disease. However, factors associated with positive findings of this technique have not been well established. Our aim is to asses which factors are associated with a better diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in suspected small bowel Crohn's disease. Material and methods: This was a retrospective study including patients under capsule endoscopy because of suspected small bowel Crohn's disease. Demographic data of these patients, as well as symptoms and laboratory data including hemoglobin levels, count of leucocytes and platelets, and levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and fecal calprotectin were collected. Capsule endoscopy studies were classified as negative (no lesions) or positive (lesions suggestive of Crohn's disease). Descriptive, univariate and multivariate analysis were done, as well as diagnostic yield tests of the different markers for predicting lesions in capsule studies. Results: One hundred and twenty-four patients were included (85 women and 39 men). The average age was 38.21 years. Levels of C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin were the markers more frequently associated with positive findings in capsule endoscopy. Calprotectin presented the best sensitivity as isolated marker. The association of altered levels of C-reactive protein and calprotectin showed the best specificity and predictive values. Conclusions: C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin are appropriate biomarkers for selecting patients with suspected Crohn's disease of the small bowel for capsule endoscopy studies.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción y objetivos: la cápsula endoscópica es una herramienta extendida en el estudio de la enfermedad de Crohn de intestino delgado pero los factores asociados a hallazgos positivos en esta técnica no han sido completamente establecidos. Nuestro objetivo es definir cuáles son estos factores. Material y métodos: se han recogido retrospectivamente los datos de pacientes sometidos a cápsula endoscópica por sospecha de enfermedad de Crohn de intestino delgado. Se han registrado datos demográficos, síntomas y los resultados de las pruebas bioquímicas más habituales: niveles de hemoglobina, recuento de leucocitos y plaquetas, y niveles de velocidad de sedimentación globular, proteína C reactiva y calprotectina fecal. Los estudios de cápsula se han clasificado como negativos (sin lesiones significativas) o positivos (con lesiones compatibles con Crohn). Se han realizado análisis descriptivo, univariante, multivariante y de capacidad diagnóstica de estas variables en su capacidad para predecir lesiones en los estudios de cápsula endoscópica. Resultados: se han incluido 124 individuos, 85 mujeres y 39 varones con una edad media de 38,21 años, en los que los niveles de proteína C reactiva y de calprotectina fecal elevados fueron los marcadores más frecuentemente asociados a presencia de lesiones inflamatorias en la cápsula. La calprotectina mostró la mejor sensibilidad como marcador aislado. La asociación de niveles alterados de proteína C reactiva y calprotectina mostró la mejor especificidad y los mejores valores predictivos. Conclusiones: la proteína C reactiva y la calprotectina fecal son buenos marcadores bioquímicos para seleccionar pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad de Crohn de intestino delgado ante estudios de cápsula endoscópica.

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          Outcome of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after capsule endoscopy: report of 100 consecutive cases.

          Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a promising diagnostic tool for the study of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. However, the diagnostic yield of this technique has not been adequately studied. We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of CE and the outcome after CE in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. One hundred consecutive patients (all with recent negative upper and lower endoscopy; 26 with ongoing overt bleeding [group A], 31 with previous overt bleeding [group B], and 43 with guaiac-positive stools and iron-deficiency anemia [group C]) underwent CE. The yield of positive findings on CE was 92.3% in group A, 12.9% in group B, and 44.2% in group C (P < 0.0001, A vs. B, A vs. C). Angiodysplasia (29%) and Crohn's disease (6%) were the most common diagnoses. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of CE were 88.9%, 95%, 97%, and 82.6%, respectively. CE results led to treatments resolving the bleeding in 86.9% of patients undergoing the procedure while actively bleeding. Capsule retention because of unsuspected stenosis occurred in 5 patients and required surgery, which resolved the clinical problem, in 4 patients. CE is an effective diagnostic tool for patients with obscure GI bleeding. The best candidates for the procedure are those with ongoing obscure-overt bleeding or with obscure-occult bleeding. If done early in the course of the workup, CE could shorten considerably the time to diagnosis, lead to definitive treatment in a relevant proportion of patients, and spare a number of alternative investigations with low diagnostic yield.
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            A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with non-stricturing small bowel Crohn's disease.

            Capsule endoscopy (CE) allows for direct evaluation of the small bowel mucosa in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). A number of studies have revealed significantly improved yield for CE over other modalities for the diagnosis of CD, but as sample sizes have been small, the true degree of benefit is uncertain. Additionally, it is not clear whether patients with a suspected initial presentation of CD and those with suspected recurrent disease are equally likely to benefit from CE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of CE compared with other modalities in symptomatic patients with suspected or established CD using meta-analysis. We performed a recursive literature search of prospective studies comparing the yield of CE to other modalities in patients with suspected or established CD. Data on yield among various modalities were extracted, pooled, and analyzed. Incremental yield (IY) (yield of CE--yield of comparative modality) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of CE over comparative modalities were calculated. Subanalyses of patients with a suspected initial presentation of CD and those with suspected recurrent disease were also performed. Nine studies (n = 250) compared the yield of CE with small bowel barium radiography for the diagnosis of CD. The yield for CE versus barium radiography for all patients was 63% and 23%, respectively (IY = 40%, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 28-51%). Four trials compared the yield of CE to colonoscopy with ileoscopy (n = 114). The yield for CE versus ileoscopy for all patients was 61% and 46%, respectively (IY = 15%, p= 0.02, 95% CI = 2-27%). Three studies compared the yield of CE to computed tomography (CT) enterography/CT enteroclysis (n = 93). The yield for CE versus CT for all patients was 69% and 30%, respectively (IY = 38%, p= 0.001, 95% CI = 15-60%). Two trials compared CE to push enteroscopy (IY = 38%, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 26-50%) and one trial compared CE to small bowel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (IY = 22%, p= 0.16, 95% CI =-9% to 53%). Subanalysis of patients with a suspected initial presentation of CD showed no statistically significant difference between the yield of CE and barium radiography (p= 0.09), colonoscopy with ileoscopy (p= 0.48), CT enterography (p= 0.07), or push enteroscopy (p= 0.51). Subanalysis of patients with established CD with suspected small bowel recurrence revealed a statistically significant difference in yield in favor of CE compared with all other modalities (barium radiography (p < 0.001), colonoscopy with ileoscopy (p= 0.002), CT enterography (p < 0.001), and push enteroscopy (p < 0.001)). In study populations, CE is superior to all other modalities for diagnosing non-stricturing small bowel CD, with a number needed to test (NNT) of 3 to yield one additional diagnosis of CD over small bowel barium radiography and NNT = 7 over colonoscopy with ileoscopy. These results are due to a highly significant IY with CE over all other modalities in patients with established non-stricturing CD being evaluated for a small bowel recurrence. While there was no significant difference seen between CE and alternate modalities for diagnosing small bowel CD in patients with a suspected initial presentation of CD, the trend toward significance for a number of modalities suggests the possibility of a type II error. Larger studies are needed to better establish the role of CE for diagnosing small bowel CD in patients with a suspected initial presentation of CD.
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              European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE): recommendations (2009) on clinical use of video capsule endoscopy to investigate small-bowel, esophageal and colonic diseases.

              These recommendations on video capsule endoscopy, an emerging technology with an impact on the practice of endoscopy, were developed by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guidelines Committee. The first draft of each section was prepared by one or two members of the writing team, who were selected as experts on the content of that section on the basis of their published work. They used evidence-based methodology, performing MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches to identify relevant clinical studies. Abstracts from scientific meetings were included only if there was no published full paper on a particular topic. If there was disagreement, the first author of the Guideline made the final decision. Recommendations were graded according to the strength of the supporting evidence. The draft guideline was critically reviewed by all authors and submitted to the ESGE councillors for their critical review before approval of the final document. The ESGE Guidelines Committee acknowledges that this document is based on a critical review of the data available at the time of preparation and that further studies may be needed to clarify some aspects. Moreover, this Guideline may be revised as necessary to account for changes in technology, new data, or other aspects of clinical practice. This document should be regarded as supplying recommendations only to gastroenterologists in providing care to their patients. It is not a set of rules and should not be construed as establishing a legal standard of care, or as encouraging, advocating, requiring, or discouraging any particular treatment. These recommendations must be interpreted according to the clinician's knowledge, expertise, and clinical judgment in the management of individual patients and, if necessary, a course of action that varies from recommendations must be undertaken. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart. New York.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                diges
                Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas
                Rev. esp. enferm. dig.
                Sociedad Española de Patología Digestiva (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1130-0108
                July 2016
                : 108
                : 7
                : 394-400
                Affiliations
                [01] Murcia orgnameHospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca orgdiv1Department of Digestive Diseases orgdiv2Unit of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Spain
                [02] Murcia orgnameUniversity of Murcia orgdiv1Department of Pediatrics Spain
                Article
                S1130-01082016000700003
                10.17235/reed.2016.4318/2016
                09261a6f-f668-412a-b006-c004df09eec9

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 17 March 2016
                : 06 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Enfermedad de Crohn,Intestino delgado,Cápsula endoscópica,Crohn's disease,Small bowel,Capsule endoscopy

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