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      Biomarkers of neuropsychiatric dysfunction in intensive care unit survivors: a prospective cohort study Translated title: Biomarcadores de disfunção neuropsiquiátrica em sobreviventes de unidades de terapia intensiva: um estudo de coorte prospectivo

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: To assess factors associated with long-term neuropsychiatric outcomes, including biomarkers measured after discharge from the intensive care unit. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed with 65 intensive care unit survivors. The cognitive evaluation was performed through the Mini-Mental State Examination, the symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and posttraumatic stress disorder was evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale-6. Plasma levels of amyloid-beta (1-42) [Aβ (1-42)], Aβ (1-40), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, IL-33, IL-4, IL-5, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were measured at intensive care unit discharge. Results: Of the variables associated with intensive care, only delirium was independently related to the occurrence of long-term cognitive impairment. In addition, higher levels of IL-10 and IL-6 were associated with cognitive dysfunction. Only IL-6 was independently associated with depression. Mechanical ventilation, IL-33 levels, and C-reactive protein levels were independently associated with anxiety. No variables were independently associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Conclusion: Cognitive dysfunction, as well as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder, are present in patients who survive a critical illness, and some of these outcomes are associated with the levels of inflammatory biomarkers measured at discharge from the intensive care unit.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores associados aos desfechos neuropsiquiátricos de longo prazo, incluindo biomarcadores, medidos após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte prospectivo com 65 sobreviventes de unidades de terapia intensiva. A avaliação cognitiva foi realizada por meio do Miniexame do Estado Mental; os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão foram avaliados por meio da Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, e o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático foi avaliado pela Escala de Impacto do Evento-6. Os níveis plasmáticos de beta amiloide (1-42), beta amiloide (1-40), interleucina 10, interleucina 6, interleucina 33, interleucina 4, interleucina 5, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, proteína C-reativa e fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro foram medidos na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Resultados: Das variáveis associadas à terapia intensiva, apenas o delirium foi relacionado de forma independente à ocorrência de comprometimento cognitivo de longo prazo. Além disso, níveis mais altos de interleucina 10 e interleucina 6 foram associados à disfunção cognitiva. Apenas a interleucina 6 foi associada de forma independente à depressão. A ventilação mecânica, os níveis de interleucina 33 e os níveis de proteína C-reativa foram associados de forma independente à ansiedade. Nenhuma variável foi associada de forma independente ao transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. Conclusão: A disfunção cognitiva, bem como os sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, estão presentes em pacientes que sobrevivem a uma doença grave, e alguns desses desfechos estão associados aos níveis de biomarcadores inflamatórios medidos na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva.

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          Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness.

          Survivors of critical illness often have a prolonged and disabling form of cognitive impairment that remains inadequately characterized. We enrolled adults with respiratory failure or shock in the medical or surgical intensive care unit (ICU), evaluated them for in-hospital delirium, and assessed global cognition and executive function 3 and 12 months after discharge with the use of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (population age-adjusted mean [±SD] score, 100±15, with lower values indicating worse global cognition) and the Trail Making Test, Part B (population age-, sex-, and education-adjusted mean score, 50±10, with lower scores indicating worse executive function). Associations of the duration of delirium and the use of sedative or analgesic agents with the outcomes were assessed with the use of linear regression, with adjustment for potential confounders. Of the 821 patients enrolled, 6% had cognitive impairment at baseline, and delirium developed in 74% during the hospital stay. At 3 months, 40% of the patients had global cognition scores that were 1.5 SD below the population means (similar to scores for patients with moderate traumatic brain injury), and 26% had scores 2 SD below the population means (similar to scores for patients with mild Alzheimer's disease). Deficits occurred in both older and younger patients and persisted, with 34% and 24% of all patients with assessments at 12 months that were similar to scores for patients with moderate traumatic brain injury and scores for patients with mild Alzheimer's disease, respectively. A longer duration of delirium was independently associated with worse global cognition at 3 and 12 months (P=0.001 and P=0.04, respectively) and worse executive function at 3 and 12 months (P=0.004 and P=0.007, respectively). Use of sedative or analgesic medications was not consistently associated with cognitive impairment at 3 and 12 months. Patients in medical and surgical ICUs are at high risk for long-term cognitive impairment. A longer duration of delirium in the hospital was associated with worse global cognition and executive function scores at 3 and 12 months. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; BRAIN-ICU ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00392795.).
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            Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference.

            Millions of patients are discharged from intensive care units annually. These intensive care survivors and their families frequently report a wide range of impairments in their health status which may last for months and years after hospital discharge. To report on a 2-day Society of Critical Care Medicine conference aimed at improving the long-term outcomes after critical illness for patients and their families. Thirty-one invited stakeholders participated in the conference. Stakeholders represented key professional organizations and groups, predominantly from North America, which are involved in the care of intensive care survivors after hospital discharge. Invited experts and Society of Critical Care Medicine members presented a summary of existing data regarding the potential long-term physical, cognitive and mental health problems after intensive care and the results from studies of postintensive care unit interventions to address these problems. Stakeholders provided reactions, perspectives, concerns and strategies aimed at improving care and mitigating these long-term health problems. Three major themes emerged from the conference regarding: (1) raising awareness and education, (2) understanding and addressing barriers to practice, and (3) identifying research gaps and resources. Postintensive care syndrome was agreed upon as the recommended term to describe new or worsening problems in physical, cognitive, or mental health status arising after a critical illness and persisting beyond acute care hospitalization. The term could be applied to either a survivor or family member. Improving care for intensive care survivors and their families requires collaboration between practitioners and researchers in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Strategies were developed to address the major themes arising from the conference to improve outcomes for survivors and families.
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              Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis.

              Cognitive impairment and functional disability are major determinants of caregiving needs and societal health care costs. Although the incidence of severe sepsis is high and increasing, the magnitude of patients' long-term cognitive and functional limitations after sepsis is unknown. To determine the change in cognitive impairment and physical functioning among patients who survive severe sepsis, controlling for their presepsis functioning. A prospective cohort involving 1194 patients with 1520 hospitalizations for severe sepsis drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of US residents (1998-2006). A total of 9223 respondents had a baseline cognitive and functional assessment and had linked Medicare claims; 516 survived severe sepsis and 4517 survived a nonsepsis hospitalization to at least 1 follow-up survey and are included in the analysis. Personal interviews were conducted with respondents or proxies using validated surveys to assess the presence of cognitive impairment and to determine the number of activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs) for which patients needed assistance. Survivors' mean age at hospitalization was 76.9 years. The prevalence of moderate to severe cognitive impairment increased 10.6 percentage points among patients who survived severe sepsis, an odds ratio (OR) of 3.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-7.25) in multivariable regression. Likewise, a high rate of new functional limitations was seen following sepsis: in those with no limits before sepsis, a mean 1.57 new limitations (95% CI, 0.99-2.15); and for those with mild to moderate limitations before sepsis, a mean of 1.50 new limitations (95% CI, 0.87-2.12). In contrast, nonsepsis general hospitalizations were associated with no change in moderate to severe cognitive impairment (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.80-1.67; P for difference vs sepsis = .01) and with the development of fewer new limitations (mean among those with no limits before hospitalization, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.39-0.57; P for difference vs sepsis <.001 and mean among those with mild to moderate limits, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23-0.63; P for difference = .001). The declines in cognitive and physical function persisted for at least 8 years. Severe sepsis in this older population was independently associated with substantial and persistent new cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors. The magnitude of these new deficits was large, likely resulting in a pivotal downturn in patients' ability to live independently.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ccsci
                Critical Care Science
                Crit. Care Sci.
                Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                2965-2774
                2023
                : 35
                : 2
                : 147-155
                Affiliations
                [2] Criciúma orgnameUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense orgdiv1Health Sciences Unit orgdiv2Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology Brazil
                [3] Criciúma SC orgnameHospital São José orgdiv1Research Centre Brazil
                [1] Criciúma orgnameUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense orgdiv1Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine orgdiv2Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences Brazil
                Article
                S2965-27742023000200147 S2965-2774(23)03500200147
                10.5935/2965-2774.20230422-en
                e4cfe9fe-4c5f-43b8-a150-b7b3ca833513

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 December 2022
                : 16 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                ORIGINAL ARTICLE

                Critical illness,Critical care outcomes,Cognitive dysfunction,Anxiety,Depression,Delirium,Patient discharge,Biomarkers,Intensive care units,Estado terminal,Resultados de cuidados críticos,Disfunção cognitiva,Ansiedade,Depressão,Delírio,Alta do paciente,Biomarcadores,Unidades de terapia intensiva

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