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      Risk Factors of Dental Caries: Consumption of Sugary Snacks Among Indonesian Adolescents

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective: To determine the risk factors of caries among adolescents in Padang City, by assessing the frequency of sugary snack consumption. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 randomly selected junior high school students using a self-administered questionnaire along with oral examinations. The questionnaire consisted of questions on socio-demographic characteristics, oral health behavior, and frequency of consumption of sugary foods. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square tests and multivariate analysis. Results: Dental caries was found in 61% of the total students and was more prevalent in males when compared with females. The mean DMFT score was 1.3±1.4. Sugary snack consumption, attitude, and protective factors were significantly related to the occurrence of caries (p<0.001). The risk of dental caries in subjects with high amounts of sugary snack consumption was 5.67 times higher (OR=5.7; CI: 2.7-11.9) than those with low consumption. Subjects with low protective factors, high consumption of sugary foods and drinks, and bad attitude presented with a caries prevalence of 94%. Conclusion: The consumption of sugary foods was found to play an important role in the development of caries in the current study.

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          Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: systematic review to inform WHO guidelines.

          P J Moynihan, S. Kelly (2014)
          A systematic review of studies in humans was conducted to update evidence on the association between the amount of sugars intake and dental caries and on the effect of restricting sugars intake to < 10% and < 5% energy (E) on caries to inform the updating of World Health Organization guidelines on sugars consumption. Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and South African Department of Health. Eligible studies reported the absolute amount of sugars and dental caries, measured as prevalence, incidence, or severity. The review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement, and the evidence was assessed according to GRADE Working Group guidelines. From 5,990 papers identified, 55 studies were eligible - 3 intervention, 8 cohort, 20 population, and 24 cross-sectional. Data variability limited meta-analysis. Of the studies, 42 out of 50 of those in children and 5 out of 5 in adults reported at least one positive association between sugars and caries. There is evidence of moderate quality showing that caries is lower when free-sugars intake is < 10% E. With the < 5% E cut-off, a significant relationship was observed, but the evidence was judged to be of very low quality. The findings are relevant to minimizing caries risk throughout the life course.
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            Sugars and Dental Caries: Evidence for Setting a Recommended Threshold for Intake.

            Paula Moynihan (2016)
            Dental caries affects ≤80% of the world's population with almost a quarter of US adults having untreated caries. Dental caries is costly to health care and negatively affects well-being. Dietary free sugars are the most important risk factor for dental caries. The WHO has issued guidelines that recommend intake of free sugars should provide ≤10% of energy intake and suggest further reductions to 5% but ≤10% of energy. The WHO recommendations are intended for use by policy makers as a benchmark when assessing intake of sugars by populations and as a driving force for policy change. Multiple strategies encompassing both upstream and downstream preventive approaches are now required to translate the recommendations into policy and practice.
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              Sugar Consumption and Changes in Dental Caries from Childhood to Adolescence.

              A M Menezes, M Peres, A. Sheiham … (2016)
              There are no prospective studies investigating the effects of sugar-related feeding practices on changes in dental caries from early childhood to young adulthood. The aim of this study was to assess whether sugar-related feeding practices affect dental caries between the ages of 6 and 18 y. This birth cohort study was initiated in 1993 in Pelotas, Brazil. There were 3 dental clinical assessments; at ages 6 y (n = 359), 12 y (n = 339), and 18 y (n = 307). Sugar-related feeding practices were assessed at ages 4, 15, and 18 y. Covariates included sex and life course variables, such as family income, breast-feeding, mother's education, regularity of dental visit, and child's toothbrushing habits. Group-based trajectory analysis was performed to characterize trajectories of time-varying independent variables that had at least 3 time points. We fitted a generalized linear mixed model assuming negative binomial distribution with log link function on 3-time repeated dental caries assessments. One in 5 participants was classified as "high" sugar consumers, and nearly 40% were "upward consumers." "Low consumers" accounted for >40% of the sample. High and upward sugar consumers had higher dental caries prevalence and mean DMFT in all cohort waves when compared with low sugar consumers. Caries occurred at a relatively constant rate over the period of study, but in all sugar consumption groups, the increment of dental caries was slightly higher between ages 6 and 12 y than between 12 and 18 y. Adjusted analysis showed that dental caries increment ratio between ages 6 and 18 y was 20% and 66% higher in upward and high sugar consumer groups as compared with low consumers. The higher the sugar consumption along the life course, the higher the dental caries increment. Even the low level of sugar consumption was related to dental caries, despite the use of fluoride.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lendrawati Lendrawati: Role: ND
                Sondang Pintauli: Role: ND
                Anton Rahardjo: Role: ND
                Adang Bachtiar: Role: ND
                Diah Ayu Maharani: Role: ND
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): pboci
                Title: Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada
                Abbreviated Title: Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Clín. Integr.
                Publisher: Associação de Apoio à Pesquisa em Saúde Bucal (João Pessoa, PB, Brazil )
                ISSN (Print): 1519-0501
                ISSN (Electronic): 1983-4632
                Publication date (Print and electronic): 2019
                Volume: 19
                Electronic Location Identifier: e4488
                Affiliations
                [5] Jakarta orgnameUniversitas Indonesia orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry Indonesia
                [4] Jawa Barat orgnameUniversitas Indonesia orgdiv1Faculty of Public Health orgdiv2Department of Public Health Indonesia
                [1] Sumatera orgnameUniversity of Sumatera Utara orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry Indonesia
                [3] Jakarta orgnameUniversitas Indonesia orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry Indonesia
                [2] Sumatera orgnameUniversity of Sumatera Utara orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry Indonesia
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1983-46322019000100354
                DOI: 10.4034/pboci.2019.191.42
                SO-VID: 4090d815-a83d-4b68-b2ea-3716621f2bfe
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date accepted : 29 January 2019
                Date received : 31 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: Diet, Cariogenic,Health Risk Behaviors,Risk Factors,Sugars,Dental Caries
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Diet, Cariogenic, Health Risk Behaviors, Risk Factors, Sugars, Dental Caries

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